世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(08)61690-6.pdf

Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health

Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist

Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries

China's economic reforms have resulted in spectacular growth and poverty reduction. However, China's institutions look ill-suited to achieve such a result, and they indeed suffer from serious shortcomings. To solve the "China puzzle," this paper analyzes China's institution—a regionally decentralized authoritarian system. The central government has control over personnel, whereas subnational governments run the bulk of the economy; and they initiate, negotiate, implement, divert, and resist reforms, policies, rules, and laws. China's reform trajectories have been shaped by regional decentralization. Spectacular performance on the one hand and grave problems on the other hand are all determined by this governance structure. ( JEL O17, O18, O43, P21, P25, P26)

/pdf/the-fundamental-institutions-of-china-s-reforms-and-o9kbft6df0.pdf

The Fundamental Institutions of China's Reforms and Development

https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/14241/WPS3408.pdf;sequence=1

China's (uneven) progress against poverty

This article offers a new assessment of progress in reducing poverty over 1981–2001 using more consistent data and methods, closely following the methods underlying the Attacking Poverty (World Bank 2000) numbers, which had been based on Chen and Ravallion (2000). In common with our past estimates, the authors draw on nationally representative surveys as much as possible. The article reviews the methods of measuring poverty from those surveys and notes any changes from past estimates, though the authors refer readers to other sources for further discussion of our methods and alternatives. The new estimates presented here supersede all our previous estimates in that the authors recalculate everything back in time on a consistent basis incorporating the new data. The authors summarize our results in a standard regional tabulation following previous work. However, the authors have also created a Web-based interactive tool, PovcalNet, that allows users to access the primary distributions and so estimate poverty measures for alternative country groupings or for a selected set of individual countries (http:/ /iresearch.worldbank.org/povcalnet). The article first describes the coverage of the survey data. It then discusses the poverty line and exchange rates, followed by the measures of poverty, and then presents the main results.

/pdf/how-have-the-world-s-poorest-fared-since-the-early-1980s-4x2zgshmww.pdf

How Have the World's Poorest Fared since the Early 1980s?

The article presents the first major update of the international $1 a day poverty line, proposed in world development report 1990: poverty for measuring absolute poverty by the standards of the world's poorest countries. In a new and more representative data set of national poverty lines, a marked economic gradient emerges only when consumption per person is above about $2.00 a day at 2005 purchasing power parity. Below this, the average poverty line is $1.25, which is proposed as the new international poverty line. The article tests the robustness of this line to alternative estimation methods and explains how it differs from the old $1 a day line.

/pdf/dollar-a-day-revisited-2nwtl0olgq.pdf

Dollar a day revisited

The authors report new estimates of measures of absolute poverty for the developing world over 1981-2004. A clear trend decline in the percentage of people who are absolutely poor is evident, although with uneven progress across regions. They find more mixed success in reducing the total number of poor. Indeed, the developing world outside China has seen little or no sustained progress in reducing the number of poor, with rising poverty counts in some regions, notably Sub-Saharan Africa. There are encouraging signs of progress in reducing the incidence of poverty in all regions after 2000, although it is too early to say if this is a new trend.

/pdf/absolute-poverty-measures-for-the-developing-world-1981-2004-19auj8fude.pdf

Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981–2004

In 2005, China participated for the first time in the International Comparison Program (ICP), which collects primary data across countries on the prices for an internationally comparable list of goods and services. This paper examines the implications of the new Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) rate (derived by the ICP) for China's poverty rate (by international standards) and how it has changed over time. We provide estimates with and without adjustment for a likely sampling bias in the ICP data. Using an international poverty line of USD 1.25 at 2005 PPP, we find a substantially higher poverty rate for China than past estimates, with about 15% of the population living in consumption poverty, implying about 130 million more poor by this standard. The income poverty rate in 2005 is 10%, implying about 65 million more people living in poverty. However, the new ICP data suggest an even larger reduction in the number of poor since 1981.

/pdf/china-is-poorer-than-we-thought-but-no-less-successful-in-3kbue5oluz.pdf

Shaohua Chen

Papers

China's (uneven) progress against poverty

How Have the World's Poorest Fared since the Early 1980s?

Dollar a day revisited

Absolute poverty measures for the developing world, 1981–2004

China Is Poorer Than We Thought, But No Less Successful in the Fight Against Poverty