Sharad Kamat

Bio: Sharad Kamat is an academic researcher from Bharati Vidyapeeth University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Universal testing machine & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 5, co-authored 9 publications receiving 83 citations.

Effect of pre-heating composite resin on gap formation at three different temperatures.

Abstract: Aim: The study aims to evaluate and compare total gap surface area formed after restoration of class II cavities with Filtek Z350 and P60 at room temperature, 37°C and 54°C. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted maxillary and mandibular molars were taken and divided into six groups of five teeth each. Standardized class II cavities were made and were restored with Filtek Z350 and P60, both at room temperature, 37°C and 54°C. Group 1(a) was restored with Filtek Z350 at room temperature, Group 1(b) with Filtek Z350 at 37°C and Group 1(c) with Filtek Z350 at 54°C. Group 2(a) was restored with P60 at room temperature, Group 2(b) with P60 at 37°C and Group 2(c) with P60 at 54°C. After storing the samples in distilled water at room temperature for 48 hours, longitudinal sectioning was done to obtain tooth restoration interface. The interfaces were then examined under compound light microscope with digital output and analyzed using Image J analysis software. Results: The results demonstrated better adaptation and less total gap area formation at 54°C as compared to room temperature and 37°C. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that use of P60 is better suited for posterior restorations at 54°C as compared to Filtek Z350 universal nanohybrid at room temperature.

An insight into the regulatory mechanisms of cells involved in resorption of dental hard tissues.

Abstract: Dental resorptions constitute a challenge to dentistry due to the complexity of cellular and molecular biology. The various cells involved in resorption, collectively orchestrate the interplay between various cytokines, hormones, enzymes, and hard tissues influencing the progression of resorption. The concern and curiosity on this subject are not new. This paper attempts to review the various regulatory mechanisms of cells involved in resorption of mineralized dental tissues.

Comparative evaluation of immunohistochemistry, histopathology and conventional radiography in differentiating periapical lesions.

Abstract: Background and Aim: Periapical lesions often present differently on the radiograph resulting in a dilemma in the mind of the dentist to arrive at a final diagnosis. Although, histopathologic diagnosis has been used for confirmation of the true nature of periapical lesion, the concept of transformation of periapical granulomas containing epithelium without cystification into cyst remains controversial. The aim of this in vivo study was to evaluate the efficacy of conventional radiography and histopathology in differentiating periapical lesions in adjunct with immunohistochemical analysis. Materials and Method: Thirty patients having large periapical radiolucency that do not heal successfully with routine endodontic therapy in relation to either maxillary or mandibular anterior teeth were selected for the study. Intraoral periapical radiographs were obtained and provisional diagnosis of the apical areas were made. Endodontic surgery was performed to enable histopathogical investigation. The histopathological interpretation was done to arrive at a final diagnosis and selected questionable granulomas were subjected for cytokeratin (CK-14) stain. Results: The histopathological profile of lesions consisted of 66.66% periapical granulomas, 10% cysts, 6.67% abscess and 16.67% granulomas with cystic potential. The radiographic and histopathologic correlation was found in only 30% of these cases. Strong CK-14 expression was observed in all five cases of periapical granuloma with cystic potential. Conclusion: The radiographic diagnosis of periapical lesions remains inconclusive. Although histopathologic examination of periapical lesions gives true nature, the precise nature of subsets of periapical granulomas may be achieved with adjunct use of immunohistochemical markers.

Successful apexification with resolution of the periapical lesion using mineral trioxide aggregate and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft.

Abstract: Immature teeth with necrotic pulp and large periapical lesion are difficult to treat via conventional endodontic therapy. The role of materials such as calcium hydroxide and mineral trioxide aggregate in apexification is indispensable. This case report presents the successful healing and apexification with combined use of white mineral trioxide aggregate and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft.

Comparative evaluation of the enamel bond strength of 'etch-and-rinse' and 'all-in-one' bonding agents on cut and uncut enamel surfaces

Abstract: Aims and Objectives : To compare tensile bond strength of an 'etch-and-rinse' bonding agent (Single bond,3M ESPE, MN, USA) with an 'all-in-one' bonding agent (iBond, Heraeus Kulzer, NY, USA) on cut and uncut enamel surfaces. The null hypothesis tested is that the 'all-in-one' bonding agent matches the 'etch-and-rinse' bonding agent in terms of tensile bond strength to enamel. Materials and Methods : Forty extracted human mandibular teeth were used for the study. Twenty teeth with intact enamel surfaces were divided into two groups of 10 teeth each. The enamel surfaces of the 20 teeth were prepared and assigned to two more groups of 10 teeth each. One group each of intact and prepared enamel surfaces were used to bond with the 'etch-and-rinse' bonding agent [Single bond (SB), 3M ESPE, MN, USA] and the other two groups one each of intact and prepared enamel surfaces were used to bond with the 'all-in-one' bonding agent [ iBond (IB), Heraeus Kulzer, NY, USA]. The tensile bond strength was measured on the universal testing machine (Unitek, 9450 PC, FIE, INDIA) at a cross head speed of 1 mm / minute. Results : The results were statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA and student 't' test. The values for the 'etch-and-rinse' bonding agent SB were significantly higher for both the cut and uncut surfaces, compared to the 'all-in-one' bonding agent IB (P Conclusions : Based on the results, it is advisable to use the 'etch-and-rinse system' in a clinical situation requiring bonding on enamel alone.

Mineral trioxide aggregate and other bioactive endodontic cements: an updated overview - part II: other clinical applications and complications.

Abstract: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a dental material used extensively for vital pulp therapies (VPT), protecting scaffolds during regenerative endodontic procedures, apical barriers in teeth with necrotic pulps and open apices, perforation repairs as well as root canal filling and root-end filling during surgical endodontics. A number of bioactive endodontic cements (BECs) have recently been introduced to the market. Most of these materials have calcium and silicate in their compositions; however, bioactivity is a common property of these cements. These materials include the following: BioAggregate, Biodentine, BioRoot RCS, calcium-enriched mixture cement, Endo-CPM, Endocem, EndoSequence, EndoBinder, EndoSeal MTA, iRoot, MicroMega MTA, MTA Bio, MTA Fillapex, MTA Plus, Neo MTA Plus, Ortho MTA, Quick-Set, Retro MTA, Tech Biosealer, and TheraCal LC. It has been claimed that these materials have properties similar to those of MTA but without the drawbacks. In Part I of this review, the available information on the chemical composition of the materials listed above was reviewed and their applications for VPT was discussed. In this article, the clinical applications of MTA and other BECs will be reviewed for apexification, regenerative endodontics, perforation repair, root canal filling, root-end filling, restorative procedures, periodontal defects and treatment of vertical and horizontal root fractures. In addition, the literature regarding the possible drawbacks of these materials following their clinical applications is reviewed. These drawbacks include their discolouration potential, systemic effects and retreatability following use as a root filling material. Based on selected keywords, all publications were searched regarding the use of MTA as well as BECs for the relevant clinical applications. Numerous publications were found regarding the use of BECs for various endodontic applications. The majority of these investigations compared BECs with MTA. Despite promising results for some materials, the number of publications using BECs for various clinical applications was limited. Furthermore, most studies had several methodological shortcomings and low levels of evidence.

Nonsurgical management of periapical lesions.

Abstract: Periapical lesions develop as sequelae to pulp disease. They often occur without any episode of acute pain and are discovered on routine radiographic examination. The incidence of cysts within periapical lesions varies between 6 and 55%. The occurrence of periapical granulomas ranges between 9.3 and 87.1%, and of abscesses between 28.7 and 70.07%. It is accepted that all inflammatory periapical lesions should be initially treated with conservative nonsurgical procedures. Studies have reported a success rate of up to 85% after endodontic treatment of teeth with periapical lesions. A review of literature was performed by using electronic and hand searching methods for the nonsurgical management of periapical lesions. Various methods can be used in the nonsurgical management of periapical lesions: the conservative root canal treatment, decompression technique, active nonsurgical decompression technique, aspiration-irrigation technique, method using calcium hydroxide, Lesion Sterilization and Repair Therapy, and the Apexum procedure. Monitoring the healing of periapical lesions is essential through periodic follow-up examinations.

Influence of composite insertion technique on gap formation

Abstract: Aim: To compare newer bulk-fill composites with an incrementally filled composite for adaptability and subsequent gap formation at the pulpal floor. Materials and Methods: Class I cavities were prepared in 60 intact molars, with a shallow depression in the center of the pulpal floor. The samples were divided into four groups (n = 15), according to the material used; smart dentine replacement (SDR), SonicFill, Ever X Flow and Z350 XT, restored to a depth of 4 mm. Following thermocycling, samples were sectioned buccolingually and examined under a stereomicroscope. Seven samples from each group were coated with nail varnish except for approximately 1 mm around the tooth restoration junction. These samples were examined under stereomicroscope after staining with 2% buffered methylene blue dye. The remaining samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope for gap formation. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results: SDR showed the significantly best adaptability as compared to both SonicFill and Ever X Flow (comparable). However, significantly least adaptive capacity was seen in the incrementally filled group (Z350 XT). Conclusion: Bulk-fill composites performed better than incremental composites, demonstrating better adaptability and less gap formation at the pulpal floor.

Increased interleukin 1α and interleukin 1β expression is involved in the progression of periapical lesions in primary teeth

Abstract: Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is involved in bone resorption However, the role of IL-1 in periapical lesions characterized by periapical bone destruction in primary teeth has not yet been fully elucidated This study aimed to detect the distribution and expression of IL-1 in periapical lesions in primary teeth and assess the relationship between the cytokines and the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration A total of 106 chronic periapical lesions in primary teeth were harvested Haematoxylin and eosin (HE no cases of abscess were detected Immunohistochemistry results showed that both IL-1α and IL-1β were expressed in periapical granulomas and cysts ELISA results showed that IL-1α and IL-1β levels were higher in the periapical granuloma group than in the radicular cyst and normal control groups (P < 005) In the periapical granuloma group, IL-1α and IL-1β were detected at higher levels in the severe inflammatory cell infiltration subgroup than in the mild-inflammatory cell infiltration subgroup (P < 005), and IL-1β expression was also higher in the moderate inflammatory cell infiltration subgroup than in the mild inflammatory cell infiltration subgroup (P < 001) A significant positive correlation was observed between the protein expression levels of IL-1α and IL-1β and the inflammation grade in periapical granulomas from primary teeth (P < 005) Expression levels of the cytokines IL-1α and IL-1β in periapical granulomas from primary teeth increased with increasing inflammatory severity and appeared to be a contributing factor to the progression of periapical lesions