The remarkable complexity of soil and its importance to a wide range of ecosystem services presents major challenges to the modeling of soil processes. Although major progress in soil models has occurred in the last decades, models of soil processes remain disjointed between disciplines or ecosystem services, with considerable uncertainty remaining in the quality of predictions and several challenges that remain yet to be addressed. First, there is a need to improve exchange of knowledge and experience among the different disciplines in soil science and to reach out to other Earth science communities. Second, the community needs to develop a new generation of soil models based on a systemic approach comprising relevant physical, chemical, and biological processes to address critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of soil processes and their interactions. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate exchanges between soil modeling and climate, plant, and social science modeling communities. It will allow us to contribute to preserve and improve our assessment of ecosystem services and advance our understanding of climate-change feedback mechanisms, among others, thereby facilitating and strengthening communication among scientific disciplines and society. We review the role of modeling soil processes in quantifying key soil processes that shape ecosystem services, with a focus on provisioning and regulating services. We then identify key challenges in modeling soil processes, including the systematic incorporation of heterogeneity and uncertainty, the integration of data and models, and strategies for effective integration of knowledge on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. We discuss how the soil modeling community could best interface with modern modeling activities in other disciplines, such as climate, ecology, and plant research, and how to weave novel observation and measurement techniques into soil models. We propose the establishment of an international soil modeling consortium to coherently advance soil modeling activities and foster communication with other Earth science disciplines. Such a consortium should promote soil modeling platforms and data repository for model development, calibration and intercomparison essential for addressing contemporary challenges.

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Modeling Soil Processes: Review, Key Challenges, and New Perspectives

Integrating micro-algae into wastewater treatment: A review

The feasibility and challenges of energy self-sufficient wastewater treatment plants

A simplified method for the determination of the rate of synthesis of albumin after the i. v. injection of 14C-carbonate is described. A number of experiments to check the accuracy of the 14CO2 measurements is reported. Good agreement is obtained between the specific activity of urinary urea, measured by means of our method and by the manometric method. Recoveries of 101.9 and 101.1% respectively are found for 14C-urea added to plasma or urine. Endogenously formed 14C-urea shows a maximal specific activity 2—3 h after the i. v. injection of 14C-carbonate. Thereafter the specific activity of 14C-urea gradually decreases. Enzymic conversion with arginase and urease and analysis with an amino-acid analyser give the same values for the arginine content of an albumin hydrolysate. Good agreement between the rates ot synthesis and catabolism of albumin, determined respectively with 14C-carbonate and 131I-albumin, was obtained in individual patients. In a group of 6 patients an average rate of synthesis of 10.6 mg/kg · h and an average catabolic rate of 9.5 mg/kg · h were measured. The difference between this simplified method and the manometric technique lies in a direct measurement of the concentration of urea and arginine in the method described here in contrast to the conversion of urea and arginine to CO 2 in the manometric method. Advantages of the simplified method for the determination of the rate of synthesis of albumin are discussed. Es wird eine einfache Methode zur Bestimmung der Synthesegeschwindigkeit von Albumin nach i. v. Injektion von 14C-Carbonat beschrieben. Dazu wurden verschiedene Untersuchungen zur Prufung der Genauigkeit der 14CO2-Messungen durchgefuhrt. Wir fanden eine gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen unserer und der manometrischen Methode bei der Bestimmung der spezifischen Aktivitat des UrinharnstofFs. Es wurden Wiederfindungswerte von 101,9 und 101,1% erzielt, falls 14C-Harnstoff entweder Plasma oder Urin zugefugt wurde. Endogen gebildeter 14C-HarnstofF zeigte 2—3 h nach der i. v. Injektion von 14C-Carbonat eine maximale spezifische Aktivitat. Danach nahm die spezifische Aktivitat des 14C-HarnstofFs langsam ab. Sowohl die enzymatische Umwandlung durch Arginase und Urease als auch die Analyse mittels Aminosaure-Analysator ergaben gleiche Werte fur den Arginingehalt eines Albuminhydrolysats. Bei den einzelnen Patienten wurde eine gute Ubereinstimmung zwischen der Synthese- und Abbaurate von Albumin, bestimmt durch die Untersuchung mittels 14C-Carbonat bzw. 131J-Albumin,

A Simplified Method

Benchmarking railway vibrations – Track, vehicle, ground and building effects

https://escholarship.org/content/qt3zr273fm/qt3zr273fm.pdf?t=ok16jc

Shi-Jin Feng

Papers

Comparative analysis of energy intensity and carbon emissions in wastewater treatment in USA, Germany, China and South Africa

Field study on the reinforcement of collapsible loess using dynamic compaction

Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste at Laogang Landfill, China.

Slope stability of landfills considering leachate recirculation using vertical wells

In situ experimental study on high speed train induced ground vibrations with the ballast-less track