抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Pathogen Recognition and Innate Immunity

Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the resulting coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) have afflicted tens of millions of people in a world...

/pdf/safety-and-efficacy-of-the-bnt162b2-mrna-covid-19-vaccine-kz6rahelgo.pdf

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine.

The mediators and cellular effectors of inflammation are important constituents of the local environment of tumours. In some types of cancer, inflammatory conditions are present before a malignant change occurs. Conversely, in other types of cancer, an oncogenic change induces an inflammatory microenvironment that promotes the development of tumours. Regardless of its origin, 'smouldering' inflammation in the tumour microenvironment has many tumour-promoting effects. It aids in the proliferation and survival of malignant cells, promotes angiogenesis and metastasis, subverts adaptive immune responses, and alters responses to hormones and chemotherapeutic agents. The molecular pathways of this cancer-related inflammation are now being unravelled, resulting in the identification of new target molecules that could lead to improved diagnosis and treatment.

/pdf/cancer-related-inflammation-ltml0xgfd3.pdf

Cancer-related inflammation.

http://aiocm.org/member/Immunity,%20Inflammation,%20and%20Cancer.pdf

Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer

Bacterial lipoproteins (BLP) trigger immune responses via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and their immunostimulatory properties are attributed to the presence of a lipoylated N-terminus. Most BLP are triacylated at the N-terminus cysteine residue, but mycoplasmal macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 kD (MALP-2) is only diacylated. Here we show that TLR6-deficient (TLR6 –/– ) cells are unresponsive to MALP-2 but retain their normal responses to lipopeptides of other bacterial origins. Reconstitution experiments in TLR2 –/– TLR6 –/– embryonic fibroblasts reveal that coexpression of TLR2 and TLR6 is absolutely required for MALP-2 responsiveness. Taken together, these results show that TLR6 recognizes MALP-2 cooperatively with TLR2, and appears to discriminate between the N-terminal lipoylated structures of MALP-2 and lipopeptides derived from other bacteria.

Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6

Cytokine signal transduction

Interleukin 1 (IL 1), IL 6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are typical examples of multifunctional cytokines involved in the regulation of the immune response, hematopoiesis, and inflammation. Their functions are widely overlapping but each shows its own characteristic properties. IL 6 was originally identified as a B cell differentiation factor, and thus one of the major functions of IL 6 is antibody induction. Transgenic mice have provided much needed information on the pathophysiological role of cytokines. With IL 6 transgenic mice, deregulation of the IL 6 expression was suggested to be involved in the generation of plasmacytoma/myeloma and mesangium proliferative glomerulonephritis. The cis-regulatory elements and trans-acting nuclear factor (or factors) for the IL 6 expression (NF-IL 6) have been identified. NF-IL 6 was shown to be a member of a C/EBP family, and the possible involvement of NF-IL 6 not only in the IL 6 regulation but also in the induction of various acute phase proteins was also ob...

Shizuo Akira

Papers

Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6

Cytokine signal transduction

Biology of multifunctional cytokines: IL 6 and related molecules (IL 1 and TNF).

Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130.

Enhanced Th1 activity and development of chronic enterocolitis in mice devoid of Stat3 in macrophages and neutrophils.