Breast Cancer Treatment Using Cold Atmospheric Plasma Generated by the FE-DBD Scheme

Objective: This study aims to provide a molecular and epidemiological characterization of bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infections in Iraq. Methods: The present study focuses on identifying BPV based on clinical and epidemiological manifestations, histopathological examinations, and polymerase chain reactions (PCR). Samples were collected from 163 animals suffering from cutaneous bovine papillomatosis, including 129 females (79.14%) with an age range of 16–40 months and 34 males (20.85%) with an age range of 17–29 months. Results: The incidence rate was significantly higher in females than in males. The most commonly affected sites were the teats and neck, though warts were found in other areas of the body. Histological sections were diagnosed as fibropapilloma. PCR results showed that 80.13% of the extracted papilloma DNA samples corresponded to the BPV-1 genotype. Furthermore, 7.94% of the samples showed a mixed infection of BPV-1 and BPV-13. While, 40.63% of the extracted DNA blood samples showed 2 DNA fragments corresponding to both genotypes BPV-1 and BPV-2. Conclusions: This study confirmed the presence of BPV-1, BPV-2, and BPV-13, which belong to the Deltapapillomavirus genera, for the first time in the DNA of Iraqi cattle. Understanding BPV diversity and epidemiology is of critical importance for starting prevention strategies.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Bovine Papillomatosis and Identification of Three Genotypes in Central Iraq.

Aim Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are the main cause of bovine papillomatosis resulting in cutaneous and/or mucosal benign tumors that could be transformed to malignant ones with marked economic importance, especially in the dairy farms. Molecular, pathological, and immunohistochemical (IHC) diagnosis of bovine papillomatosis cases was conducted to identify and characterize the circulating BPV genotype in some Egyptian governorates. Materials and Methods Wart-like lesions in skin, udder, and teats were collected from 123 infected cases in Giza, Beni Suef, and El Menoufia Governorates, Egypt, during 2016-2017. Pathological and IHC characterization, molecular identification, genotyping, and phylogenetic analysis based on the conserved late (L1) gene of the all samples were carried out. Results 89 of the 123 collected samples (72.3%) were positively detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The sequence analysis of the obtained PCR amplicons was identical revealing identification and genotyping of only one type (Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate EGY 2017) with accession number (MG547343) which found to be closely related to the recently detected Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 04_asi_UK (accession no. MF384288.1) and isolate Deltapapillomavirus 4 isolate 25_equ_CH (accession no. MF384286.1) with 99% nucleotide sequence identity. Histopathological examination revealed severe hyperkeratosis in stratum corneum and acanthosis in most of the cases. These tissue changes were confirmed by the presence of golden brown stained proliferating cell nuclear antigen which was localized intranuclear and perinuclear in other cells using IHC Technique. Conclusion It is the first time to detect and genotype the BPVs in these areas with no record of previous genotyping in the whole country. The obtained results will highlight the importance of this disease.

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Molecular detection and immunopathological examination of Deltapapillomavirus 4 in skin and udder of Egyptian cattle.

The papilloma viruses are constituted of double-stranded DNA and are a more common lesion in ruminant’s skin in Iraq. The p53 tumor suppressor protein reveals an essential role in cell cycle control. This study intends to investigate the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical features of cutaneous papilloma in ruminants in Iraq. Samples had been collected from a total of 10 animals (three cattle, three goats, and four sheep) with multiple papillomatosis lesions. The samples were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical techniques. Clinically, the lesions appeared as multiple various sizes (0.5–11 cm), cauliflower exophytic masses on different parts of the animal’s body. The histopathological features of the epidermis granular layer revealed perinuclear vacuolation (koilocytosis) accompanied by various degrees of hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, orthokeratosis, and parakeratosis. Strong positive reaction for papillomavirus antigen was seen in both epidermal basal and granular layers in the immunohistochemical investigation (IHC). Moreover, all papilloma lesions revealed an intense positive p53 reaction in cytoplasmic and perinuclear of the basal and parabasal layers. In conclusion, this study described the papillomavirus lesions in bovine, ovine, and caprine animals, which were found in different parts areas of the affected animals. All lesions show similar histopathological features with minor variations. PV antigen and p53 protein expression showed positive results in immunohistochemistry that can be used as diagnostic markers for ruminant’s papilloma.

Clinico-Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study of Ruminant's Cutaneous Papillomavirus in Iraq.

Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) induces diseases of economic and veterinary importance leading to significant economic losses to livestock owners such as leather depreciation and mortality when it progresses to neoplasms. BPV affects the spinosum and granulosum layers of the skin causing warts. There are many reportage of BPV infection in domestic animals such as cattle, birds and wild animals such as tapir, giraffe, antelope and zebras. It also causes equine sarcoids in horses and donkeys. Gross lesions seen are mainly benign papillomas which most times regress but occasionally persist and progress to malignancy of the urinary bladder and upper alimentary tract leading to Enzootic haematuria. Equine sarcoids could be of the occult, nodular or verrucous types. Due to the ability to BPV to cause cancers, haematuria and skin pathologies, diagnosis of this infection has attracted huge interests. Diagnostic techniques include clinical examination, histopathology, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Southern blot, dot blot, reverse blot, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. All the aforementioned have been very helpful in the diagnosis of BPV. In conclusion, this review focused on the aetiology, viral structure pathogenicity, transmission, macroscopic and microscopic pathology, pathogenesis, immunology, gene products, prevention, treatment and control of this virus in affected animal species.

Bovine papilloma: aetiology, pathology, immunology, disease status, diagnosis, control, prevention and treatment: a review

This study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) in Iraq. BPV is a widely spread oncogenic virus in Iraqi cattle and is associated with the formation of both benign and malignant lesions, resulting in notable economic losses in dairy and beef cattle. In the current study, 140 cutaneous papilloma specimens were collected from cattle in central Iraq. These samples were submitted to histopathological examination, PCR, and sequencing analysis. The histopathology revealed that the main lesion type among the specimens was fibropapilloma. BPV-1 DNA was detected in 121 of the samples (86.42%) in Iraqi cattle as the main causative agent for the disease. A partial sequence for the E2, L2 genes, and complete sequence for the E5 gene were deposited in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of BPV-1 and showed that the origin of infection may be imported European cattle. Obtaining a complete E5 gene sequence enabled us to perform structural predictions. This study presents the first report of BPV-1 infection in the Iraqi cattle and contributes to extending the knowledge of the origin of the spread of this disease. The results of this study will aid in the development of appropriate control measures and therapeutic strategies.

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Shoni M. Odisho

Papers

Molecular and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1: First Report in Iraqi Cattle

Molecular Epidemiology of Bovine Papillomatosis and Identification of Three Genotypes in Central Iraq.

WITHDRAWN: Molecular and phylogenetic analysis of bovine papillomavirus type 1: First report in Iraqi cattle