動注化学療法における pharmacokinetics と臨床

THIS text-book of pharmacognosy has already found wide recognition among teachers and students of pharmacy. Its subject matter has grown from a laboratory manual intended for use in practical classes, and now comprises the requirements for the Chemist and Druggist Qualifying Examination of the Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. A Textbook of Pharmacognosy By T. C. Denston. Fourth edition. Pp. xviii + 594. (London: Sir Isaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd., 1945.) 27s. 6d. net.

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A Textbook of Pharmacognosy

Cancer is a serious concern at present. A large number of patients die each year due to cancer illnesses in spite of several interventions available. Development of an effective and side effects lacking anticancer therapy is the trending research direction in healthcare pharmacy. Chemical entities present in plants proved to be very potential in this regard. Bioactive phytochemicals are preferential as they pretend differentially on cancer cells only, without altering normal cells. Carcinogenesis is a complex process and includes multiple signaling events. Phytochemicals are pleiotropic in their function and target these events in multiple manners; hence they are most suitable candidate for anticancer drug development. Efforts are in progress to develop lead candidates from phytochemicals those can block or retard the growth of cancer without any side effect. Several phytochemicals manifest anticancer function in vitro and in vivo. This article deals with these lead phytomolecules with their action mechanisms on nuclear and cellular factors involved in carcinogenesis. Additionally, druggability parameters and clinical development of anticancer phytomolecules have also been discussed.

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Lead Phytochemicals for Anticancer Drug Development.

Momordica charantia , commonly known as Karela in India, is the widely explored herbaceous climber for various medicinal properties and consumed as a vegetable in India. Among the several phytochemicals, β/ sitosterol, is the nutrient present in Momordica . β/ sitosterol is mainly known for its anti/diabetic and anti/cancer and several other medicinal activities. In the present investigation, β/ sitosterol was extracted using soxhelet extraction method from the leaves of M. charantia and characterized by IR and NMR spectral analysis. Initial results obtained from thin layer chromatography (TLC) showed the presence of β/ sitosterol in the leaves sample with the R f value of 0.55. Further IR analysis of eluted bands showed the broad peak at 3426.3, 2936, 2832, 2366, and 1596.4 cm /¹. While, NMR analysis exhibited a broad triplet at δ 5.36 and a multiple at 3.50 corresponding to H/6 olefinic proton and H/3α proton, respectively. Extracted β/ sitosterol was further used to determine its antimicrobial activity via an agar disk diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity ranged from 10 mm to 14 mm for E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae . In comparison with standard antibacterial compound Gentamicin (20Ag/ml), it was found that purified β/sitosterol (20Ag/ml) has antimicrobial activity almost equivalent to the standard.

https://www.sciencesecurejournals.com/journals/pdf/SSJBt-12-104%20(Sen).pdf

Analysis of IR, NMR and Antimicrobial Activity of β#Sitosterol Isolated from Momordica charantia

Ethnopharmacological Relevance. Cryptolepis sanguinolenta is a scrambling thin-stemmed shrub found in Africa. Traditionally in West Africa, it is employed in the treatment of malaria, diarrhea, and respiratory conditions. This review discusses the traditional importance as well as the phytochemical, ethnomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological importance of this plant. Materials and Methods. Excerpta Medica Database, Google Scholar, Springer, and PubMed Central were the electronic databases used to search for and filter primary studies on Cryptolepis sanguinolenta. Results. The detailed review of various studies conducted on C. sanguinolenta and some of its constituents gives an important body of proof of its potential therapeutic benefits and also of its use as a source of lead compounds with therapeutic potentials. Conclusion. The review on C. sanguinolenta is important in identifying grey areas in the research on this medicinal plant and also provides comprehensive data thus far to continue research on this plant.

https://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/aps/2017/3026370.pdf

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Review of Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl.) Schlechter.

Crude rectified spirit extract of the stem bark of Crataeva nurvala was taken under chemical investigation. The chloroform fraction yielded total four compounds namely betulinic acid (1), lupeol (2) and β-sitosterol (3) and stigmasterol (4). The structure of the isolated compounds were established by extensive analyses of 1 H NMR spectroscopy and compared the spectral data, melting points with the authentic specimen. The results indicate that the stem bark of Crataeva nurvala provide a rich source of triterpenoids and steroids.

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Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala buch ham.

Background: Sanchezia speciosa Hook.f is an important medicinal plant with several ethnomedicinal properties. In the present experiment the leaves of this plant were screened for the presence of major phytochemical groups. The phytochemicals are the wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and in the treatment of the major ailments. Methods: Phytochemical screenings were performed by various functional group tests. All the leaves extracts were subjected to brine shrimp lethality bioassay and standard anticancer drug vincristine sulphate was used as positive control. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the leaves extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenoids, carbohydrates, steroids, phenolic compounds, saponins and tannins. The ethyl acetate fractionates of the leaves extracts were positive for all the phytochemicals tested while n-hexane fractionates were negative for flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractionates showed significant cytotoxic activities with median lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) 19.95 µg/mL and 12.88µg/mL while LC 50 for the vincristine sulphate was 10.96 µg/mL. Conclusion: This study shows that the leaves of Sanchezia speciosa Hook. f may have potentials in control of carcinogenesis in the field of pharmacology.

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Preliminary phytochemical screening and cytotoxic potentials from leaves of Sanchezia speciosa Hook.f

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial and insecticidal activities of plant Sanchezia speciosa Hook. F . extract against pathogenic bacteria and fungi by disc diffusion method and insect by surface film activity test. Fifteen different species of Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria, six species of fungi an d Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) insect were used for this screening. The result revealed that among the three fractions obtained by solvent solvent pa rtitioning, chloroform fraction was the best extractive for antibacterial and antifungal properties than ot her two fractions (pet - ether, ethyl acetate). The ranges of zone of inhibition were 8 ± 0.01 to 23 ± 0.02 mm using 500 μg/disc. In addition the minimum inhib itory concentrations (MICs) of different solvent fraction s tested were found to be in the range from 16 µg/ ml to 128 µg/ml against fifteen pathogenic bacteria depending on isolates and extracting solvent . The insectici dal assay also indicated reasonable activity with 60 %, 40 % and 20 % mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at a dose of 50 mg/ml in 48 hours for chloroform, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extract respectively. This is the first report of antib acterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the ethanolic extract and it ’ s fractionates (Chloroform, ethyl acetate and petroleum ether fraction) of Sanchezia speciosa Hook. F .

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In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of ethanolic extract and its fractionates of sanchezia speciosa hook. f.

Nuclear and chromosome characteristics of seven varieties of Colocasia esculenta were studied. Interphase chromosome value was found to range from 2119.85 (cytotype-3) to 5346.12 (cytotype-7). Heterochromatin values varied from 23.17 (cytotype-2) to 44.52% (cytotypt-6) in meristematic cells. Karyotype studies revealed that somatic chromosome number was 28 in cytotype-1, 2, 5, 6 and 7; 42 in cytotype-3 and 21 in cytotype-4. The longest chromosome (5.54 μm) was observed in cytotyopt-2 and shortest (1.3 μm) in cytotype-3 and 6. Key words: Karyotype, Nuclear phenotype, Colocasia esculenta. DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3735  J. bio-sci. 16: 15-18, 2008

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Karyotype Analysis of Seven Varieties of Taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. from Bangladesh

Context: Plants as therapeutics are popularized for thousands of years and people continue to rely on them for health care until now due to their effectiveness, easy availability, low cost and comparatively being devoid of serious toxic effects. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and insects are developing resistance to the current therapies very easily and the currently available antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides are very much costly and toxic. So the current shift to the use of herbal antibacterial, antifungal agents and pesticides may be more effective, economic and advantageous. Objectives: The present research was performed to investigate the antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of the methanolic extract of the dried root of the plant Ruellia tuberosa (L.). Materials and Methods: Five Gram (+) ve bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus agalactiae, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis ; five Gram (-) ve bacteria namely Pseudomonus aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei were used as test bacteria for testing the antibacterial activity of the plant extract. Antifungal activity was observed against six fungi namely Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus ochreus, Aspergillus ustus, Rizopus oryzae and Trichophyton rubrum . The disc diffusion assay method was used in both the cases and standard Kanamycin disc (30μg/disc) was used as the reference standard. The test for insecticidal activity was performed by using surface film activity testing method and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was used as the test insect. Results : The methanol extract was active against all the bacteria and fungi tested and showed significant antibacterial and antifungal properties with the zone of inhibition 9 to 23 mm for antibacterial screening and 8 to 15 mm for antifungal screening. The insecticidal assay by surface film activity test also revealed strong insecticidal activity with 80% mortality rate of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) at a dose of 50 mg/ml in 48 hours. Conclusion: From our experiment it is informed that Ruellia tuberosa (L.) may be used to treat bacterial and fungal diseases and also as insect repellant and it is also possible to isolate antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal drug from this plant. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v20i0.17720 J. bio-sci.  20:  91-97, 2012

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Shumaia Parvin

Papers

Triterpenoids and phytosteroids from stem bark of Crataeva nurvala buch ham.

Preliminary phytochemical screening and cytotoxic potentials from leaves of Sanchezia speciosa Hook.f

In vitro antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of ethanolic extract and its fractionates of sanchezia speciosa hook. f.

Karyotype Analysis of Seven Varieties of Taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. from Bangladesh

Antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal activities of Ruellia tuberosa (L.) root extract