Shweta

Abstract: Children and youth under 18 have made significant strides in recent years toward fuller inclusion in democratic processes. These strides, however, rarely rise to the level of direct political representation, whether in changing policies, making laws, or voting. This article argues that democracies will be able to represent children only by transforming what is meant by democratic representation in the first place. It shows why democratic theory has traditionally excluded children, how representation is more than just participation or citizenship, and how current children’s political movements provide lessons for a more expansive politics of direct representation regardless of age.

Abstract: Deliberate falsification of age was considered to be one of the main reasons for forensic age estimation of the living individuals. This posed to be a challenging task during criminal and legal proceedings, and ultimate care must be taken not to classify juveniles as adults. Third molars are the only developing teeth during late adolescence and early adulthood. Our study was designed to analyze the usefulness of the third molar maturity index (I3M) specific cut-off value (I3M < 0.08) to discriminate adults (≥18 years) and juveniles (<18 years) in South Indian children. 216 panoramic radiographs (114 females and 102 males) of living subjects aged between 14 and 21 years were analyzed. Our results demonstrated high sensitivity (83.3% and 90.2%) and specificity (98.3% and 95.1%) for females and males respectively. The positive likelihood ratios of being adult were 50.00 and 18.35 while the negative likelihood ratios were 0.17 and 0.10 in females and males respectively. The estimated posttest probability was 98.0% in females and 94.8% in males. The obtained results showed that the specific cut-off value of I3M < 0.08 may be a useful additional tool in discrimination of individuals who are around 18 years of age.

Abstract: violence in criminal ‘justice’ systems around the world and those held in penal detention are especially vulnerable. This collection of essays both exposes such phenomena and charts ways in which it can be, and must be, addressed. The book makes a timely and important contribution to an evolving literature and it comprises an essential point of reference for researchers, advocates, policymakers and practitioners alike’. Professor Barry Goldson, Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, The University of Liverpool, UK

Abstract: This article deals with the issues of implementing the international standards on child rights in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Research purpose is to compare the theoretical provisions and problems of the established practice in anchoring the international child rights into the national legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and in generating proposals on the national legislation improvement. The comparative legal analysis of laws, introduced in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the national legislation, allows pointing out that the Republic of Kazakhstan expends proactive efforts to improve the national legislation in order to bring it in one line with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This article carefully analyses the property and personal non-property rights of a child, regulated by the legislation, as well as the theoretical provisions, statistical data and judicial practice materials. The article also considers the best experience of foreign countries in child maintenance, adoption and in running the Ombudsman for Children. Based on the conducted research, conclusions were drawn for improving the national legal mechanism of children rights protection and implementation in accordance with the international legal acts.

Abstract: © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2020. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (uncrc) 1989 has been celebrated for its universal acceptance. However, questions still arise around its provenance and representation. In particular, the Convention is deemed to enshrine Western notions of childhood upon which its rights were constructed. However, the legacy of the colonial contours of the new world order are often excluded within the context of children's rights. It has been suggested that the new imperialism brandished under the guise of "children's rights" serves as an effective tool to "beat" the Global South, deflecting from the continued Western dominance within the field of children's rights. This paper interrogates the power dynamics and colonial legacy upon which views of children are formed, centralising the multitude of issues in the arena of children's rights in the wake of what can be identified as Hokusai's wave.1.