Siddhartha Singha

Bio: Siddhartha Singha is an academic researcher from Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati. The author has contributed to research in topics: Food science & Laccase. The author has an hindex of 4, co-authored 14 publications receiving 45 citations. Previous affiliations of Siddhartha Singha include National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management & Indian Institute of Technology Madras.

A diffusion based long-range and steady chemical gradient generator on a microfluidic device for studying bacterial chemotaxis

Abstract: Studies on chemotaxis in microfluidics device have become a major area of research to generate physiologically similar environment in vitro. In this work, a novel micro-fluidic device has been developed to study chemo-taxis of cells in near physiological condition which can create controllable, steady and long-range chemical gradients using various chemo-effectors in a micro-channel. Hydrogels like agarose, collagen, etc, can be used in the device to maintain exclusive diffusive flux of various chemical species into the micro-channel under study. Variations of concentrations and flow rates of Texas Red dextran in the device revealed that an increase in the concentration of the dye in the feed from 6 to 18 μg ml−1, causes a steeper chemical gradient in the device, whereas the flow rate of the dye has practically no effect on the chemical gradient in the device. This observation confirms that a diffusion controlled chemical gradient is generated in the micro-channel. Chemo-taxis of E. coli cells were studied under the steady gradient of a chemo-attractant and a chemo-repellent separately in the same chemical gradient generator. For sorbitol and NiSO46H2O, the bacterial cells exhibit a steady distribution in the micro channel after 1 h and 30 min, respectively. From the distribution of bacterial population chemo-tactic strength of the chemo-effectors was estimated for E. coli. In a long microfluidic channel, migration behavior of bacterial cells under diffusion controlled chemical gradient showed chemotaxis, random movement, aggregation, and concentration dependent reverse chemotaxis.

Improved production of laccase by Daedalea flavida: consideration of evolutionary process optimization and batch-fed culture.

Abstract: The genetic algorithm was used effectively to find the optimal values of eight process variables for the maximum laccase production by Daedalea flavida in a stationary culture. The algorithm was modified suitably to improve laccase production with 18 parallel experiments in 4 generations. A high enzyme titer of 65 % was achieved after the optimization and compared to the titer obtained before optimization. To study the effect of the surface immobilized growth on the enzyme production, the fungus was grown on three solid carriers. When cultured on polymer composite fibers, polyurethane foam, or steel wool, at least 2.5 times more biomass was produced, compared to the biomass produced in support-free growth. On the contrary, the mycelia grown on solid support produced much less laccase than non-adhering mycelia. Four parallel runs of batch-fed cultures were done, using the cell mass of D. flavida to evaluate the influence of four different volumes of medium exchanged on laccase production. For sustainable production of the enzyme, complete exchange of medium was favorable, where the laccase activity increased continuously in six consecutive cycles, though, 50 % exchange of medium produced the maximum laccase in terms of mean enzyme activity obtained in six cycles.

A feedback mechanism for appropriate technology development and dissemination: Case study approach

Abstract: The delivery of appropriate technology to rural communities poses multi-dimensional challenges, such as the lack of acceptance, complexities in implementation, and sustainability. The solution to this problem requires a structured approach and institutionalised intervention. In recent years, the top-down approach of rural development practiced creation/enablement of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises through technological interventions. But there has been no technology transfer framework available for rural organisations, especially in the context of developing nations. Thus, the aim of this article is to propose a holistic technology transfer mechanism with necessary understanding of the problems and mitigation of relevant hurdles. A case of a collaborative technology development mechanism called the Rural Technology Action Group (RuTAG), has been discussed using a qualitative case study approach. This new rural technology transfer mechanism was found to be effective for upgrading traditional tools/technologies in practice among rural artisans, weavers, and farmers. To showcase the participatory technology development and dissemination strategy, a case of redesigning a Pirn winding machine is presented. The new Pirn winding machine can produce 12 Pirns at a time instead of 1 Pirn, as in the traditional process. This paper highlights some of the key aspects of technology development, assessment, transfer, and hand-holding, which is befitting for resource-constrained areas.

Fluorescent nanosensors: rapid tool for detection of food contaminants

Abstract: Miniaturized biosensors based on fluorescence principles are slowly gaining commercial importance for rapid detection of food contaminants, such as, pesticide residues, foodborne pathogens, and their toxins. This chapter on fluorescent nanosensors thematically discusses the fluorescent-based quantum dots for food contaminant detection and is broadly divided into three thematic areas. First, theoretical explanation of the fluorescence phenomena including the sensing mechanism is provided, followed by the use of optical nanosensors like quantum dots, and finally the utilization of these quantum dots for sensing food pathogens and toxins is covered.

Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals

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Response Surfaces Designs And Analyses

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High-Throughput Methods in the Discovery and Study of Biomaterials and Materiobiology

Abstract: The complex interaction of cells with biomaterials (i.e., materiobiology) plays an increasingly pivotal role in the development of novel implants, biomedical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds to treat diseases, aid in the restoration of bodily functions, construct healthy tissues, or regenerate diseased ones. However, the conventional approaches are incapable of screening the huge amount of potential material parameter combinations to identify the optimal cell responses and involve a combination of serendipity and many series of trial-and-error experiments. For advanced tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, highly efficient and complex bioanalysis platforms are expected to explore the complex interaction of cells with biomaterials using combinatorial approaches that offer desired complex microenvironments during healing, development, and homeostasis. In this review, we first introduce materiobiology and its high-throughput screening (HTS). Then we present an in-depth of the recent progress of 2D/3D HTS platforms (i.e., gradient and microarray) in the principle, preparation, screening for materiobiology, and combination with other advanced technologies. The Compendium for Biomaterial Transcriptomics and high content imaging, computational simulations, and their translation toward commercial and clinical uses are highlighted. In the final section, current challenges and future perspectives are discussed. High-throughput experimentation within the field of materiobiology enables the elucidation of the relationships between biomaterial properties and biological behavior and thereby serves as a potential tool for accelerating the development of high-performance biomaterials.

High-Pressure Homogenization: Principles and Applications Beyond Microbial Inactivation

Abstract: (Ultra) high-pressure homogenization ((U)HPH) is one of the emerging technologies being studied and developed for various applications in the food industry. (U)HPH was suggested as an effective tool for achieving microbial safety and extending the product shelf life of liquid foods in a continuous process while minimizing some negative attributes of thermal processing. The valve geometry, pressure level, inlet temperature, and the number of homogenization cycles are all factors affecting the level of microbial inactivation and the extent of the techno-functionalities of food biopolymers and matrices. Turbulence, high shear, cavitation, and temperature increase induced by (U)HPH treatments enhance emulsion stability, stabilize proteins in solutions, reduce particle size distributions, and increase the accessibility of health-promoting compounds. This review is a comprehensive and updated overview of the engineering aspects of the (U)HPH process, specifically focusing on (U)HPH modification of food components such as polysaccharides, proteins, and bioactive compounds. A detailed description of the potential applications in food products beyond microbial inactivation is also included.

Recent advances in microfluidic devices for bacteria and fungus research

Abstract: Microorganisms are not only common pathogens in clinical practice, but also an important participant in the maintenance of ecological balance, which plays a vital role in food production, microbial industry, and biomedical research etc. The traditional methods for bacterial and fungi research are time-consuming, high-cost, accurate operation required and unable to realize single-cell analysis. Microfluidic technologies have been applied to microorganism studies recently. Microfluidic devices with micro-sized scale and large-scale integration offer many special benefits including low cost, high throughput, and high efficiency in microorganism analysis. In this paper, we review the development and applications of microfluidic devices with respect to bacteria and fungus, and emphasize the advantages over traditional methods. Most crucially, we discuss how microfluidic chip technology contributes to the study of bacteria, fungus and their interactions. Finally, we provide insights into the challenges of bacterial and fungi studies based on microfluidic chip and present future perspectives.