The Scope of Body Image Disturbance - the Big Picture An Overview of Assessment and Treatment Strategies Sociocultural Theory - the Media and Society Social Comparison Processes Appearance-Related Feedback Interpersonal Factors Peers, Parents and Perfect Strangers Feminist Perspectives Sexual Abuse and Sexual Harassment Behavioural Aspects of Disturbance - Conditioning, Context and Avoidance Cognitive Processing Models Future Directions - Integrative Theories, Multidimensional Assessment and Multicomponent Interventions

Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance

IN the course of the last decade, while spending several thousand hours in the practice of intensive psychotherapy, I have treated— sometimes unknowingly except in retrospect—a considerable number of schizoid and schizophrenic patients. Like all clinicians, I have formed some theoretical opinions as a result of these experiences. While I have not until recently begun any systematic research efforts on this baffling disorder, I felt that to share with you some of my thoughts, based though they are upon clinical impressions in the context of selected research by others, might be an acceptable use of this occasion. Let me begin by putting a question which I find is almost never answered correctly by our clinical students on PhD orals, and the answer to which they seem to dislike when it is offered. Suppose that you were required to write down a procedure for selecting an individual from the population who would be diagnosed as schizophrenic by a psychiatric staff; you have to wager $1,000 on being right; you may not include in your selection procedure any behavioral fact, such as a symptom or trait, manifested by the individual. What would you write down? So far as I have been able to ascertain, there is only one thing you could write down that would give you a better than even chance of winning such a bet—namely, \"Find an individual X who has a schizophrenic identical twin.\" Admittedly, there are many other facts which would raise your odds somewhat above the low base rate of schizophrenia. You might, for example, identify X by first finding mothers who have certain unhealthy child-rearing attitudes; you might enter a subpopulation defined jointly by such demographic variables as age, size of community, religion, ethnic background, or social class. But these would leave you with a pretty unfair wager, as would the rule, \"Find an X who has a fraternal twin, of the same sex, diagnosed as

Schizotaxia, Schizotypy, Schizophrenia

Information processing in the child: Significance of analytic and reflective attitudes.

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The Cyborg's Dilemma: Progressive Embodiment in Virtual Environments

Physical Disability: A Psychological Approach

Body image and personality

Changes in body image following sensory deprivation in schizophrenic and control groups.

In an earlier preliminary study, Cleveland 1 found that schizophrenics overestimate body size when making size judgments from photographs of body parts. Moreover, schizophrenics exceeded a hospital control group in size estimates made from photographs of such body parts as a heart and stomach, as well as a hand and foot. Yet on a neutral, nonbody object such as a photographed baseball, schizophrenics neither overestimated the actual baseball size nor did they significantly exceed the controls in judging the size of a baseball. This exploratory study involved only 30 schizophrenics and 30 nonpsychotic hospital controls. Size evaluations were restricted to estimates from photograph series of a hand, foot, heart, stomach, and a baseball. A more comprehensive study was undertaken to check on these exploratory findings as well as to extend the area of investigation of body size perception in schizophrenia to different aspects of size,

Perception of body size in schizophrenia.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/abn/52/3/373.pdf

Sidney E. Cleveland

Papers

Body image and personality

Changes in body image following sensory deprivation in schizophrenic and control groups.

Perception of body size in schizophrenia.

Body-image boundaries and style of life.

Human relations training for police and community.