Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

The primary objectives of this article are (a) to put forth an explicit operational formulation of positive human health that goes beyond prevailing "absence of illness" criteria; (b) to clarify that positive human health does not derive from extant medical considerations, which are not about wellness, but necessarily require a base in philosophical accounts of the "goods" in life; (c) to provoke a change of emphasis from strong tendencies to construe human health as exclusively about the mind or the body toward an integrated and positive spiral of mind-body influences; (d) to delineate possible physiological substrates of human flourishing and offer future directions for understanding the biology of positive health; and (e) to discuss implications of positive health for diverse scientific agendas (e.g., stress, class and health, work and family life) and for practice in health fields (e.g., training, health examinations, psychotherapy, and wellness intervention programs).

The Contours of Positive Human Health

Importance Despite the potential importance of understanding excess mortality among people with mental disorders, no comprehensive meta-analyses have been conducted quantifying mortality across mental disorders. Objective To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of mortality among people with mental disorders and examine differences in mortality risks by type of death, diagnosis, and study characteristics. Data sources We searched EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Web of Science from inception through May 7, 2014, including references of eligible articles. Our search strategy included terms for mental disorders (eg, mental disorders, serious mental illness, and severe mental illness), specific diagnoses (eg, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder), and mortality. We also used Google Scholar to identify articles that cited eligible articles. Study selection English-language cohort studies that reported a mortality estimate of mental disorders compared with a general population or controls from the same study setting without mental illness were included. Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles, abstracts, and articles. Of 2481 studies identified, 203 articles met the eligibility criteria and represented 29 countries in 6 continents. Data extraction and synthesis One reviewer conducted a full abstraction of all data, and 2 reviewers verified accuracy. Main outcomes and measures Mortality estimates (eg, standardized mortality ratios, relative risks, hazard ratios, odds ratios, and years of potential life lost) comparing people with mental disorders and the general population or people without mental disorders. We used random-effects meta-analysis models to pool mortality ratios for all, natural, and unnatural causes of death. We also examined years of potential life lost and estimated the population attributable risk of mortality due to mental disorders. Results For all-cause mortality, the pooled relative risk of mortality among those with mental disorders (from 148 studies) was 2.22 (95% CI, 2.12-2.33). Of these, 135 studies revealed that mortality was significantly higher among people with mental disorders than among the comparison population. A total of 67.3% of deaths among people with mental disorders were due to natural causes, 17.5% to unnatural causes, and the remainder to other or unknown causes. The median years of potential life lost was 10 years (n = 24 studies). We estimate that 14.3% of deaths worldwide, or approximately 8 million deaths each year, are attributable to mental disorders. Conclusions and relevance These estimates suggest that mental disorders rank among the most substantial causes of death worldwide. Efforts to quantify and address the global burden of illness need to better consider the role of mental disorders in preventable mortality.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/articlepdf/2110027/yoi140107.pdf

Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The disability paradox: high quality of life against all odds.

Study objective: The aim of this paper is to synthesise empirical findings on the salutogenic concept sense of coherence (SOC) and examine its capacity to explain health and its dimensions. Design: The study is descriptive and analytical with a systematic integration of the contemporary knowledge base on the salutogenic research published 1992–2003. The review includes 458 scientific publications and 13 doctoral theses. Setting: Worldwide, based on postgraduate scientific publications in eight authorised databases, doctoral theses, and available books. Main results: SOC is strongly related to perceived health, especially mental health. The stronger the SOC the better the perceived health in general, at least for those with an initial high SOC. This relation is manifested in study populations regardless of age, sex, ethnicity, nationality, and study design. SOC seems to have a main, moderating or mediating role in the explanation of health. Furthermore, the SOC seems to be able to predict health. SOC is an important contributor for the development and maintenance of people’s health but does not alone explain the overall health. Conclusion: SOC seems to be a health promoting resource, which strengthens resilience and develops a positive subjective state of health. Salutogenesis is a valuable approach for health promotion and would be worth to implement in practice much more than to date.

/pdf/antonovsky-s-sense-of-coherence-scale-and-the-relation-with-4ammu6l54a.pdf

Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review

Study objective: Education, income, and occupational class are often used interchangeably in studies showing social inequalities in health. This procedure implies that all three characteristics mea ...

/pdf/education-income-and-occupational-class-cannot-be-used-17zirwrij0.pdf

Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology. Empirical evidence against a common practice

Some conceptual considerations on the sense of coherence

Die Arbeitsgruppe Erhebung und Nutzung von Sekundardaten (AGENS) der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Sozialmedizin und Pravention (DGSMP) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Epidemiologie (DGEpi) veroffentlichte erstmals 2005 die Gute Praxis Sekundardatenanalyse (GPS) als Standard fur die Auswertung von Sekundardaten. Die GPS kann als Wegweiser zur Planung, Durchfuhrung und Analyse von Studien dienen sowie als Grundlage fur vertragliche Absprachen zwischen Dateneignern genutzt werden. Ihr Wirkkreis umfasst dabei nicht nur Routinedaten der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung und weiterer Sozialversicherungstrager, sondern auch Daten anderer Dateneigner. Die 11 Leitlinien reichen u. a. von ethischen Prinzipien und der Studienplanung uber Qualitatssicherungsmasnahmen und Datenaufbereitung bis hin zum Datenschutz, vertraglichen Rahmenbedingungen und der verantwortungsvollen Kommunikation der Analyseergebnisse. Die Leitlinien sind um Erlauterungen und praktische Hilfestellungen in Form von Empfehlungen erganzt. Die GPS richtet sich an alle Personen, welche sich unter wissenschaftlicher Perspektive und unter Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Methoden mit Sekundardaten, ihrer Analyse und Interpretation beschaftigen. Dies schliest auch die Dateneigner ein. Des Weiteren ist die GPS geeignet, wissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen hinsichtlich ihrer Qualitat zu beurteilen. Sie kann dabei gleichermasen von Autoren, Reviewern und Lesern genutzt werden. 2008 wurde die erste Fassung durch die Mitglieder der AGENS, der AG Epidemiologische Methoden der DGEpi, DGSMP und GMDS und unter Einbeziehung weiterer Experten evaluiert und umstrukturiert sowie als Ausfuhrungsbestimmung der Gute Epidemiologische Praxis (GEP) akkreditiert. Seit nunmehr 2012 liegt die dritte Fassung der GPS vor. Sie ist uber www.dgepi.de frei verfugbar. In die aktuelle Revision sind vor allem sprachliche Prazisierungen eingeflossen; die innere Konsistenz wurde erhoht. Inhaltlich neu hinzugekommen sind weitere Empfehlungen zur Leitlinie Datenschutz. Zukunftige Revisionen werden sich entsprechend dem wissenschaftlichen und datenschutzrechtlichen Entwicklungsstand anschliesen.

[Good Practice of Secondary Data Analysis (GPS): guidelines and recommendations].

Heart failure (HF) is a major problem in the long-term follow-up of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) after cardiac surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate risk factors for HF in patients with CHD. N-terminal–pro-brain natriuretic peptide and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) were measured in 345 consecutive patients with CHD. HF was defined as an elevated N-terminal–pro-brain natriuretic peptide level (≥100 pg/ml) and reduced VO 2max (≤25 ml/kg/min). The HF criteria were met by 89 patients. These patients were significantly older (mean ± SEM 30.8 ± 0.9 vs 24.8 ± 0.5 years), had significantly lower maximal heart rates (149 ± 3 vs 164 ± 1 beats/min), and had larger end-diastolic right ventricular diameters (36 ± 1 vs 27 ± 1 mm) and right ventricular pressure estimated by Doppler flow velocities of tricuspid valve regurgitation (2.9 ± 0.1 vs 2.3 ± 0.03 m/s). Mean fractional shortening of the left ventricle was within the normal range. To estimate risk stratification, odds ratios for HF were determined for the most frequently occurring types of congenital heart defects and surgical procedures. In conclusion, HF in adults with CHD predominately depends on diagnosis, age, the frequency of reoperation, and right ventricular function and may be related to chronotropic incompetence indicated by lower maximal heart rates.

Incidence and risk distribution of heart failure in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery.

STUDY OBJECTIVE—The debate on health inequalities has shifted from the consequences of occupational position, as expressed in the Registrar General's classification, to consequences of material living conditions. This change in interest occurred without comparative analyses of different sources of health inequalities. Thus this study investigated the relative contribution of "material resources" (income), "qualification" and "occupational position" for explaining social differentials in mortality.
DESIGN AND SETTING—Analyses were performed with records from a statutory health insurance in West Germany. The analyses were performed with data of 84 814 employed men and women between 25 and 65 years of age who were insured between 1987 and 1995 for at least 150 days.
RESULTS—The three indicators were statistically associated, but not strong enough to warrant the conclusion that they share the same empirical content. The relative risk (hazard rate) for income by controlling for occupational position and gender for the highest as compared with the lowest category was 1.99 (95% CI 1.66, 2.39). The corresponding relative risk for income by controlling for qualification and gender was 2.03 (95% CI 1.68, 2.46). In both multivariate analyses, the effects of occupational position and qualification were no longer interpretable because of large confidence intervals. In sum, income related relative mortality risks were the comparably highest, while qualification and occupational position were no longer substantial.
CONCLUSIONS—The results emphasise the present discussion on the consequences of material living conditions. Income on the one hand and qualification and occupational position on the other are largely independent. Mortality related effects of income override those of the other socioeconomic status indicators. However, seen in a time perspective, qualification may still have a placement function at least for the first occupational position.


Keywords: mortality; social inequality; socioeconomic status

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/54/4/299.full.pdf

Siegfried Geyer

Papers

Education, income, and occupational class cannot be used interchangeably in social epidemiology. Empirical evidence against a common practice

Some conceptual considerations on the sense of coherence

[Good Practice of Secondary Data Analysis (GPS): guidelines and recommendations].

Incidence and risk distribution of heart failure in adolescents and adults with congenital heart disease after cardiac surgery.

Income, occupational position, qualification and health inequalities—competing risks? (Comparing indicators of social status)