semitismus sowie zum Rechtsextremismus deutscher Jugendlicher erarbeitet werden konnten.

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Jugendliche in Deutschland als Opfer und Täter von Gewalt: Erster Forschungsbericht zum gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt des Bundesministeriums des Innern und des KFN

Arrested Development: Misguided Directions in Deterrence Theory and Policy

Wikstrom’s Situational Action Theory of Crime Causation (SAT) aims at providing a comprehensive account of the action-generating mechanisms that underlie rule-breaking. Paying tribute to the longst...

Revisiting the role of self-control in Situational Action Theory:

Who is fighting with whom? How ethnic origin shapes friendship, dislike, and physical violence relations in German secondary schools

To test whether individuals differ in deterrability by studying whether the effect of criminal experiences on perceived detection risk varies by criminal propensity. Data from the British “Offending, Crime and Justice Survey”, a four-wave panel study on criminal behavior and victimization, are analyzed. Two subsamples for analyses are constructed: one of non-offenders at first measurement, to analyze the effect of gaining first offending experiences during the time of study (n = 1,279) and one sample of individuals who have committed offenses within the past year (n = 567), to analyze the effect of police contact among active offenders. Fixed-effects regressions of perceived detection risk on criminal experiences and interactions between criminal experiences and measures of criminal propensity (risk-affinity, impulsivity) are estimated. Analyses support learning models for the formation and change of risk perceptions, but individual differences by criminal propensity are present in the deterrence process: After gaining first offending experiences, impulsive individuals as well as risk-averse individuals are more likely to lower their perceptions about the probability of detection than less impulsive or risk-affine individuals are. A positive effect of police contact on expected detection risk is restricted to risk-averse individuals. Findings support claims that deterrence works differently for crime-prone individuals. The differential effects of impulsivity and risk-affinity underline the importance of not combining constituent characteristics of criminal propensity in composite indices, because they might have differential effects on deterrence.

Individual Differences in the Deterrence Process: Which Individuals Learn (Most) from Their Offending Experiences?

General Strain Theory (Agnew in Criminology 30:47–87, 1992) has received broad empirical support, but little is known about moderators of the strain-delinquency relationship. This study tests whether self-control attenuates the relationship between a certain type of delinquency—violence—and its most important precursor, considered a type of strain: interpersonal provocation. This study compares the conditioning effects of risk-affinity and self-control/impulsivity on the provocation-violence link, since recent work suggests differentiating between both characteristics. The provocation-violence link is examined (1) using a scenario design with randomly varied degrees of objective provocation and a measure of projected violence, and (2) with measures of self-reported past violence and subjective sensitivity to provocation. The analyses are based on a large sample of seventh-graders (n = 2635) from five cities in Western Germany, interviewed in 2013. Linear probability models regressing violence measures on personal traits, provocation measures, and their interactions are estimated. Both self-control and risk-affinity moderate the relationship between subjective sensitivity to provocation and past violent behavior. Students with high self-control are able to control their anger and do not turn violent, even when they feel provoked easily. However, only risk-affinity significantly amplifies the effect of objective provocation on prospective violence when simultaneously controlling for the conditioning effect of self-control. Findings underscore that both self-control and risk-aversion are important coping resources. This study highlights the importance of using internally consistent and mechanism-congruent measures in the study of illicit coping processes and conditioning factors and discourages from using composite, potentially multidimensional measures.

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‘Don’t Blow Your Cool’: Provocation, Violent Coping, and the Conditioning Effects of Self-Control

Der vorliegende Beitrag nimmt eine theorienvergleichende empirische Analyse der intergenerationalen Transmission von Gewalt vor. Es werden die Selbstkontrolltheorie (Gottfredson und Hirschi 1990) und die soziale Lerntheorie (Bandura 1979a, b) herangezogen, um zu klaren, aufgrund welcher Mechanismen das Erleben von elterlicher Gewalt in der Kindheit die Anwendung von Gewalt im Jugendalter begunstigt. Als Grundlage der Studie dienen Daten einer Befragung von Neuntklasslern an allgemeinbildenden Schulen in Dortmund und Stuttgart (n = 4583), die durch das Kriminologische Forschungsinstitut Niedersachsen (KFN) im Jahr 2005 erhoben wurden. Die Datenanalyse erfolgt anhand von linearen Strukturgleichungsmodellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Transmission von Gewalt zu einem uberwiegenden Teil auf Lernprozesse und zu einem geringeren Teil auf eine Schwachung der Selbstkontrolle von Jugendlichen zuruckgefuhrt werden kann. Im empirischen Theorienvergleich erweist sich die Erklarung der sozialen Lerntheorie als der Selbstkontrolltheorie uberlegen. Die Implikationen dieser Befunde fur die weitere Theorieentwicklung werden diskutiert.

Wer Wind sät, wird Sturm ernten : die Transmission von Gewalt im empirischen Theorienvergleich

Zusammenfassung Dass Scheidungskinder in ihren eigenen Ehen einem erhohten Scheidungsrisiko unterliegen, ist in einer Vielzahl von Untersuchungen empirisch nachgewiesen worden. Bisherige Studien haben allerdings nur selten die Art der Folgefamilie nach der elterlichen Scheidung berucksichtigt, obwohl diese zur Erklarung des Transmissionseffekts von Bedeutung ist. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird anhand des dritten Familiensurveys des Deutschen Jugendinstituts (2000) uberpruft, inwiefern das Aufwachsen in einer Stieffamilie nach der elterlichen Scheidung das spatere Scheidungsrisiko beeinflusst und durch welche vermittelnden Mechanismen sich der Transmissionseffekt erklaren lasst. Empirisch zeigt sich, dass Personen aus Scheidungsstieffamilien in besonderem Mase einem erhohten Scheidungsrisiko unterliegen und dass Geschlechtsunterschiede im Transmissionseffekt bestehen: Fur Manner erhoht lediglich das Aufwachsen in einer Scheidungsstieffamilie das eigene Scheidungsrisiko, das Aufwachsen bei einem alleinerziehenden Elternteil hat keinen Effekt. Schlagworte: Transmissionseffekt, Scheidung, Stieffamilie, Geschlechtsunterschied ----- Intergenerational transmission of divorce and growing up in stepfamilies. Does the transmission of divorce affect stepchildren as well? Abstract The link between parental divorce and children’s later risk of divorce is well documented empirically, but previous studies have rarely considered the family type following the parental divorce. The post-divorce family type is important, however, for different explanations of the intergenerational transmission of divorce. In this work, the third Family Survey of the German Youth Institute (DJI) (2000) is used to analyse how growing up in a stepfamily after a parental divorce influences the later risk of divorce and which mediating mechanisms are capable of explaining the transmission of divorce. The results of the present study indicate that persons from post-divorce stepfamilies have a particularly high risk of divorce. Sex differences become apparent as well. For men, growing up in a post-divorce stepfamily increases the own risk of future divorce, while growing up with a divorced single parent has no effect. For women, growing up in either postdivorce family type increases the risk of divorce. The increased divorce risk of men raised in postdivorce stepfamilies can be partially explained by their typically lower investment into marriagespecific capital. Concerning women, the stressful situation in the family of origin offers an additional explanation of the relationship between growing up in a post-divorce stepfamily and the own risk of divorce. The mediator variables are less capable of explaining the link between growing up with a divorced single parent and the own risk of divorce for women. The findings are discussed with respect to their implications for different explanations of the intergenerational transmission of divorce. Keywords: Intergenerational transmission, divorce, stepfamily, sex difference

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Sonja Schulz

Papers

Revisiting the role of self-control in Situational Action Theory:

Individual Differences in the Deterrence Process: Which Individuals Learn (Most) from Their Offending Experiences?

‘Don’t Blow Your Cool’: Provocation, Violent Coping, and the Conditioning Effects of Self-Control

Wer Wind sät, wird Sturm ernten : die Transmission von Gewalt im empirischen Theorienvergleich

Intergenerationale Scheidungstransmission und Aufwachsen in Stieffamilien: gibt es den Transmissionseffekt auch bei Stiefkindern?