Nos últimos trinta trinta anos, houve profundas mudanças na forma como compreendemos o crime e a justiça criminal. O crime tornou-se um evento simbólico, um verdadeiro teste para a ordem social e para as políticas governamentais, um desafio para a sociedade civil, para a democracia e para os direitos humanos. Segundo David Garland, professor da Faculdade de Direito da New York University, um dos principais autores no campo da Sociologia da Punição e com artigo publicado na Revista de Sociologia e Política , número 13, na modernidade tardia houve uma verdadeira obsessão securitária, direcionando as políticas criminais para um maior rigor em relação às penas e maior intolerância com o criminoso. Há trinta anos, nos EUA e na Inglaterra essa tendência era insuspeita. O livro mostra que os dois países compartilham intrigantes similaridades em suas práticas criminais, a despeito da divisão racial, das desigualdades econômicas e da letalidade violenta que marcam fortemente o cenário americano. Segundo David Garland, encontram-se nos dois países os “mesmos tipos de riscos e inseguranças, a mesma percepção a respeito dos problemas de um controle social não-efetivo, as mesmas críticas da justiça criminal tradicional, e as mesmas ansiedades recorrentes sobre mudança e ordem sociais”1 (GARLAND, 2001, p. 2). O argumento principal da obra é o seguinte: a modernidade tardia, esse distintivo padrão de relações sociais, econômicas e culturais, trouxe consigo um conjunto de riscos, inseguranças e problemas de controle social que deram uma configuração específica às nossas respostas ao crime, ao garantir os altos custos das políticas criminais, o grau máximo de duração das penas e a excessivas taxas de encarceramento.

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rsocp/n20/n20a15.pdf

The culture of control: crime and social order in contemporary, society

The Society of Captives

The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issuesSage The landscape of qualitative research: theories and issues 480 £24.95 0761926941 0761926941

1. The prison and the gallows: the construction of the carceral state in America 2. Law, order, and alternative explanations 3. Unlocking the past: the nationalization and politicization of law and order 4. The carceral state and the welfare state: the comparative politics of victims 5. Not the usual suspects: feminists, women's groups, and the anti-rape movement 6. The battered women's movement and the development of penal policy 7. From rights to revolution: prison activism and penal policy 8. Capital punishment, the courts, and the early origins of the carceral state, 1920s-60s 9. The power to punish: the political development of capital punishment, 1972 to today 10. Conclusion: whither the carceral state.

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The Prison and the Gallows: The Politics of Mass Incarceration in America

In 1989, for the ®rst time in history, the majority of the population consigned to prisons in the United States was black. As a result of the decade-long `War on Drugs' waged by the federal government as part of a broad `law and order' policy, the incarceration rate of African-Americans doubled in a short 10 years, rising from 3544 inmates per 100,000 adults in 1985 to 6926 per 100,000 in 1995, which is nearly seven times the rate of their white compatriots (919 per 100,000) and over 20 times the rates posted by France, England, or Italy. If persons sentenced to probation or released on parole are taken into account, it turns out that more than one of every three young black men (and close to two in three in the big cities of the Rust Belt) ®nd themselves under the supervision of the criminal justice system. This makes prison and its extensions the public service to which they have readiest access, well ahead of higher education or unemployment bene®ts. Based on the ®gures for 1991, the statisticians of the Department of Justice have computed that, over a lifetime, the cumulative probability that a black American has of being sent to prison (i.e. being sentenced to over a year of detention) exceeds 28 percent, compared to 16 percent for a Latino and 4.4 percent for a white man (Bonczar and Beck, 1997: 1). If blacks have become the foremost `clients' of the penitentiary system of the United States, it is not on account of some special propensity that this community would have for crime and deviance. It is because it stands at the point of intersection of three systems of forces that, together, determine and feed the unprecedented regime of carceral hyperin ̄ation that America has experienced for the past quarter century following the denunciation of the Fordist±Keynesian social compact and the contestation of the caste regime by the Civil Rights Movement. These three forces are:

`Suitable Enemies': Foreigners and Immigrants in the Prisons of Europe

Contents Table of Contents Preface 1. The History of European Prison Law and Policy 2. Context and Theory 3. Basic Principles 4. Conditions of Imprisonment 5. The Prison Regime 6. Contact with the Outside World 7. Good Order 8. Release 9. The Future of European Prison Law and Policy Bibliography Official Documents Table of Cases Table of International Conventions, Treaties, Instruments and Standards Table of National Legislation Index

/pdf/principles-of-european-prison-law-and-policy-penology-and-443nsuc8fk.pdf

Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights

1. Changing prison populations in Western countries: fate or policy?

Principles of European Prison Law and Policy

In this article we examine the characteristics, challenges and added value of qualitative prison research in a Belgian context. As the many dynamics and challenges of qualitative research are often underreported in academic publications, we pay particular attention to the research processes and the pains and gains of qualitative prison research. Firstly, drawing on experiences from several prison studies, we describe the different steps of gaining access to the field as a constant process of negotiation. Secondly, we discuss some of the dilemmas of prison research based on two ethnographic studies of prison staff. We end with discussion of the value added by a qualitative research approach to facilitate understanding of what is at stake in prisons and how this fits with a critical research position.

Sonja Snacken

Papers

Principles of European Prison Law and Policy: Penology and Human Rights

1. Changing prison populations in Western countries: fate or policy?

Principles of European Prison Law and Policy

The Craft of Doing Qualitative Research in Prisons

European and United Nations monitoring of penal and prison policies as a source of an inverted panopticon