This article examines how young Chinese American and Korean American
professionals perform the role of the Asian model minority in an attempt
to navigate through the privileged realm established by successful
transpacific Asian professionals of the 1980s to early 1990s. Ironically,
respondents' cultural production and forced embodiment of their imagined
selves as the Asian model minority facilitates their marginalization as
the Asian "Other" while problematizing the Asian model minority myth.

Performing the "Oriental": Professionals and the Asian Model Minority Myth

BETWEEN 1820 AND 1972, some 70,140 immigrants from India entered the United States. This immigration has been concentrated in two distinct phases. Between 1907 and 1920, approximately 6,400 Indians, mostly agricultural workers, were admitted and settled predominantly in California. Their modest numbers, by contrast with the Chinese and Japanese immigrants, did not protect the "Hindus," as immigrants from India were generally called, from the anti-Asian sentiment especially prevalent in California. Their Asian origin alone engendered fear of a "Hindu invasion" and demands for their exclusion and for reduction of their political and economic rights. Poorly educated, untrained in any skills, and ignorant of American society, the preponderance of these early East Indian immigrants were ill-equipped to cope with the situation they encountered in the United States. They quickly became and generally remained an alienated minority near the bottom of the socioeconomic scale.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/info/3638433

The Forgotten Asian Americans: The East Indian Community in the United States

This research deals with the dynamic ethnic socio-spatial relations and the transformation of ethnic identities in the early-twentieth-century Honolulu, mainly focusing on the Korean community. Against the widely spread notion that the ethnic relations of Honolulu in those days were little associated with the racist ideology which was prevalent in the contemporary mainland cities, this research shows that white-supremacy ideology had exerted strong influence on the minority groups in Honolulu all the way through their immigration and settling-down process. Although Honolulu included a balanced population among several ethnic groups and thus had no ethnic division of "majority" and "minority" in numerical sense, it witnessed an unequal power distribution along ethnic lines and an application of mainland-style racialization or ethnicization to its social structure. Clear occupational stratification and residential segregation by ethnic groups in the earlytwentieth-century Honolulu were nearly equal to situation in the mainland cities. On the basis of socio-spatial segregation, the dichotomized identity, "Local" versus "Haole," evolved. Non-white minorities not only had to compete with each other for limited urban resources or employment opportunities, but also they had to negotiate a collective strategy to cope with an unfair social structure controlled by white supremacy. The coalescence of several ethnic groups into a "Local" identity was fostered by spatial propinquity of their residential neighborhood. Mixed concentration of non-white ethnic groups in a particular place contributed to the formation of a new pan-ethnic identity. The Korean community in Honolulu, most of whose members had been firstly imported to Hawai'ian sugar plantations within the context of colonial capitalism, went through the change of identity in adjusting to the ethnically divided social structure. When the community was incorporated into the Hawai'ian version of multi-ethnic identification process, "Local" versus "Haole," its members' identity as Koreans was also transformed into the identity as Korean-Americans, within the larger construct of "Local" identity. The transformed identity was a product of on-going inter-ethnic negotiation process embedded in the non-white multi-ethnic neighborhood. CHAPTER

Ethnicity toward multiculturalism : socio-spatial relations of the Korean community in Honolulu, 1903-1940

The concept of the “middleman minority” has been employed in the social sciences to deal with minority groups whose historical experience, although marked by discrimination, is not characterized by...

Middleman Minority Concept: Its Explanatory Value in the Case of the Japanese in California Agriculture

THE EFFECT Of United States immigration and naturalization policies on relations with China and Japan from the late nineteenth century through World War II has received much attention from historians. American treatment of immigrants from the other major Asian country, India, has understandably been ignored due to the absence of any controversies with the imperial government of India.' Yet the inclusion of the few thousand Indian immigrants within the anti-Oriental movement that became national policy during the World War I era was a constant irritant in the promotion of understanding between the United States and India, particularly with the Indian nationalists. At a time of general American indifference to Asian nationalism, the racially inspired immigration and naturalization policies of the United States were seen by Indians as the most tangible evidence of American public and official attitudes toward India. Within the limits imposed by British imperialism, the Indians protested and retaliated against the United States. Leaders of the Indian community in America, supported by

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3636886.pdf

The Hindu in America: Immigration and Naturalization Policies and India, 1917-1946

http://phr.ucpress.edu/content/ucpphr/35/3/303.full.pdf

European Immigrant and Oriental Alien: Acceptance and Rejection by the California Legislature of 1913

A spreading dissatisfaction with politically eviscerated social history is forcing historians to reevaluate their analytical strategies. A number of scholars have criticized the fragmented character of modern historiography and recommended renewed attention to the integrity of the past. In his 1981 presidential address to the American Historical Association, Bernard Bailyn expressed concern "about the sheer disarray and confusion in the proliferation of analytical historiography" and called for increased coordination among historical inquiries which "are ramifying in a hundred directions."' Even more recently, Peter Stearns, editor of the Journal of Social History, has urged us "to embrace the political, whether broadly or narrowly conceived, as part of the pursuit of the largest possible set of linkages in society." This requires, he ar-

Spencer C. Olin

Papers

European Immigrant and Oriental Alien: Acceptance and Rejection by the California Legislature of 1913

Toward a Synthesis of the Political and Social History of the American West

Los Angeles as a "World City"

Hiram Johnson, the California Progressives, and the Hughes Campaign of 1916

California: Five Centuries of Cultural Contrasts Julian Nava Bob Barger