What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

There has been an explosion of interest in the concept of citizenship among political theorists In 1978, it could be confidently stated that "the concept of citizenship has gone out of fashion among political thinkers" (van Gunsteren 1978, p 9) Fifteen years later, citizenship has become the "buzz word" among thinkers on all points of the political spectrum (Heater 1990, p 293; Vogel and Moran 1991, p x) There are a number of reasons for this renewed interest in citizenship in the 1990s At the level of theory, it is a natural evolution in political discourse because the concept of citizenship seems to integrate the demands ofjustice and community membership-the central concepts of political philosophy in the 1970s and 1980s, respectively Citizenship is intimately linked to ideas of individual entitlement on the one hand and of attachment to a particular community on the other Thus it may help clarify what is really at stake in the debate between liberals and communitarians Interest in citizenship has also been sparked by a number of recent political events and trends throughout the world-increasing voter apathy and long-term welfare dependency in the United States, the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe, the stresses created by an increasingly multicultural and multiracial population in Western Europe, the backlash against the welfare state in Thatcher's England, the failure of environmental policies that rely on voluntary citizen cooperation, and so forth These events have made clear that the health and stability of a modern democracy depends, not only on the justice of its 'basic structure' but also on the qualities and attitudes of its citizens:' for example,

Return of the Citizen: A Survey of Recent Work on Citizenship Theory

The authors present an overview of the academic literature on charitable giving based on a literature review of more than 500 articles. They structure their review around the central question of why people donate money to charitable organizations. They identify eight mechanisms as the most important forces that drive charitable giving: (a) awareness of need; (b) solicitation; (c) costs and benefits; (d) altruism; (e) reputation; (f) psychological benefits; (g) values; (h) efficacy. These mechanisms can provide a basic theoretical framework for future research explaining charitable giving.

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A Literature Review of Empirical Studies of Philanthropy: Eight Mechanisms That Drive Charitable Giving

Cities and Citizenship is a prize-winning collection of essays that considers the importance of cities in the making of modern citizens. For most of the modern era the nation and not the city has been the principal domain of citizenship. This volume demonstrates, however, that cities are especially salient sites for examining the current renegotiations of citizenship, democracy, and national belonging.

Just as relations between nations are changing in the current phase of global capitalism, so too are relations between nations and cities. Written by internationally prominent scholars, the essays in Cities and Citizenship propose that “place” remains fundamental to these changes and that cities are crucial places for the development of new alignments of local and global identity. Through case studies from Africa, Europe, Latin America, and North America, the volume shows how cities make manifest national and transnational realignments of citizenship and how they generate new possibilities for democratic politics that transform people as citizens. Previously published as a special issue of Public Culture that won the 1996 Best Single Issue of a Journal Award from the Professional/Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers, the collection showcases a photo essay by Cristiano Mascaro, as well as two new essays by James Holston and Thomas Bender.

Cities and Citizenship will interest students and scholars of anthropology, geography, sociology, planning, and urban studies, as well as globalization and political science.

Contributors . Arjun Appadurai, Etienne Balibar, Thomas Bender, Teresa P. R. Caldeira, Mamadou Diouf, Dilip Parameshwar Gaonkar, James Holston, Marco Jacquemet, Christopher Kamrath, Cristiano Mascaro, Saskia Sassen, Michael Watts, Michel Wieviorka

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Cities and Citizenship

It is necessary to begin by saying a few words about three minimal conditions that must obtain before there can be any possibility of speaking of democratic consolidation. First, in a modern polity, free and authoritative elections cannot be held, winners cannot exercise the monopoly of legitimate force, and citizens cannot effectively have their rights protected by a rule of law unless a state exists. In some parts of the world, conflicts about the authority and domain of the polis and the identities and loyalties of the demos are so intense that no state exists. No state, no democracy.

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Toward Consolidated Democracy

In Margaret Atwood's powerful novel The Handmaid's Tale,1 the heroine Offred, a member of a new class of "two legged wombs" in a dystopian society, often thinks to herself, "Context is all." Offred reminds us of an important truth: at each moment of our lives our every thought, value, and act?from the most mundane to the most lofty?takes its meaning and purpose from the wider political and social reality that constitutes and conditions us. In her newly reduced circumstances, Offred comes to see that matters beyond one's immediate purview make a great deal of difference with respect to living a more or less free and fully human life. But her realization comes too late. Unlike Offred, feminists have long recognized as imperative the task of seeking out, defining, and criticizing the complex reality that governs the ways we think, the values we hold, and the relationships we share, especially with regard to gender. If context is all, then feminism in its various guises is committed to uncovering what is all around us and to revealing the power relations that constitute the creatures we become. "The personal is the political" is the credo of this critical practice.

Foundations and ruling class elites.

The American private philanthropic foundation and the public sphere 1890-1930.

Preface PART 1: INTRODUCTION, THEORETICAL APPROACH, AND METHODOLOGY PART 2: HISTORIES OF THE THREE CONFLICTS PART 3: PEACE CONFLICT RESOLUTION ORGANISATIONS IN THE FOUR LOCALES STUDIED PART 4: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF P/CROS PART 5: CONCLUSION Appendices

Mobilizing for peace : conflict resolution in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine and South Africa

Introduction. Warren Ilchman, Stanley Katz, and Edward L. Queen, II Part One: Non-Literate/Aboriginal Traditions 1. Reciprocity and Assistance in Precolonial Africa Steven Feierman 2. A Comparative Study in Native American Philanthropy John A. Grim Part Two: Historical/Textual Roots 3. Contextualizing Philanthropy in South Asia: A Textual Analysis of Sanskrit Sources Leona Anderson 4. Generosity and Service in Theravada Buddhism Ananda W.P. Guruge and G.D. Bond 5. The Mahayana Buddhist Foundation for Philanthropic Practice Leslie S. Kawamura Part Three: Philanthropy in Context 6. Philanthropy, the Law, and Public Policy in the Islamic World before the Modern Era Said Arjomand 7. Reflections on Chinese Philanthropy Based on the Case of Famine Relief in Shan-yin County, Shao-hsing, 1640-1642 Joanna F. Handlin Smith 8. A View of Philanthropy in Japan: Confucian Ethics and Education Mary Evelyn Tucker Part Four: Philanthropy and Social Change 9. The Origins of Modern Jewish Philanthropy Derek J. Penslar 10. Mount Holyoke Missionaries and Non-Western Women: The Motivations and Consequences of Nineteenth Century American Missionary Philanthropy Amanda Porterfield 11. Orthodox Christianity, the Nation-State, and Philanthropy: Focus on the Serbian Orthodox Church Miroslav Ruzica Part Five: New Shoots, Old Roots 12. Hindu Philanthropy and Civil Society Mark Juergensmeyer and Darrin M. McMahon 13. Religious Authority, Reform, and Philanthropy in the Contemporary Muslim World Gregory C. Kozlowski 14. From Repression to Revival: Philanthropy in Twentieth-Century Russia Adele Lindenmeyr 15. State Power and the Philanthropic Impulse in China Today Vivienne B. Shue 16. Civil Society and Philanthropy in Latin America: From Religious Charity to the Search for Citizenship Andres A. Thompson and Leilah Landim Contributors Index

Stanley N. Katz

Papers

Foundations and ruling class elites.

The American private philanthropic foundation and the public sphere 1890-1930.

Mobilizing for peace : conflict resolution in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine and South Africa

Philanthropy in the World's Traditions

Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World