This paper reviews 242 accidents of storage tanks that occurred in industrial facilities over last 40 years. Fishbone Diagram is applied to analyze the causes that lead to accidents. Corrective actions are also provided to help operating engineers handling similar situations in the future. The results show that 74% of accidents occurred in petroleum refineries, oil terminals or storage. Fire and explosion account for 85% of the accidents. There were 80 accidents (33%) caused by lightning and 72 (30%) caused by human errors including poor operations and maintenance. Other causes were equipment failure, sabotage, crack and rupture, leak and line rupture, static electricity, open flames etc. Most of those accidents would have been avoided if good engineering have been practiced.

https://www.technokontrol.com/pdf/storagetank-firesstudy.pdf

A study of storage tank accidents

The use of supervisory practices as leverage to improve safety behavior: A cross-level intervention model ☆

Methods and models in process safety and risk management: Past, present and future

The assessment of risk caused by domino effect in quantitative area risk analysis.

European Union Risk Assessment Report

Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis: 2nd Edition; By Center for Chemical Process Safety; American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 2000, pp. 750.

Center for Chemical Process Safety

Understanding and controlling static electricity

Essential practices for managing chemical reactivity hazards

Learning from accidents, 3rd edition

Stanley S. Grossel

Papers

Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis: 2nd Edition; By Center for Chemical Process Safety; American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, NY, 2000, pp. 750.

Center for Chemical Process Safety

Understanding and controlling static electricity

Essential practices for managing chemical reactivity hazards

Learning from accidents, 3rd edition