Stephen Gallagher

Bio: Stephen Gallagher is an academic researcher from University of Limerick. The author has contributed to research in topics: Social support & Medicine. The author has an hindex of 29, co-authored 105 publications receiving 2342 citations. Previous affiliations of Stephen Gallagher include University of Birmingham & Staffordshire University.

Predictors of Psychological Morbidity in Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities

Abstract: Objective This study examined predictors of excess psychological morbidity in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Methods Thirty-two parents of children with intellectual disabilities and 29 parents of typically developing children completed the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, and measures of social support, child problem behaviors, sleep quality, and perceived caregiver burden. Results Parents of children with intellectual disabilities registered high depression and anxiety scores, and the majority met the criteria for possible clinical depression and/or anxiety. The strongest predictor of psychological morbidity was caregiver burden. Analyses of its component dimensions indicated that feelings of guilt held the greatest consequence for depression and anxiety. Conclusions Caregiver burden, in general, and its guilt component, in particular, predicted symptoms of depression and anxiety in parents of children with intellectual disabilities. Assisting such parents to resolve their feelings of guilt should benefit their psychological status.

Parental stress is associated with poor sleep quality in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities

Abstract: Objective This study examined the psychosocial predictors of poor sleep quality in parents caring for children with developmental disabilities. Methods Sixty-seven parents of children with developmental disabilities and 42 parents of typically developing children completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and measures of parental stress, child problem behaviors, and social support. Results Parents of children with developmental disabilities reported poorer sleep quality. Further, the majority of these parents met the established ‘poor sleepers’ criterion. The strongest predictor of poor sleep quality was parental stress. This finding withstood adjustment for a number of potential confounders. Conclusions Parental stress is associated with poor sleep quality in parents of children with developmental disabilities. The monitoring and management of sleep issues in these parental caregivers should be a priority for health professionals.

Loneliness, Living Alone, and All-Cause Mortality: The Role of Emotional and Social Loneliness in the Elderly During 19 Years of Follow-Up.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE The aims of the study were to examine the predictive value of social and emotional loneliness for all-cause mortality in the oldest-old who do and do not live alone and to test whether these varied by functional status and personality. METHODS Participants were 413 older adults from the Berlin Aging Study (M [SD] = 84.53 [8.61] years of age) who either lived alone (n = 253) or did not live alone (n = 160). Significance values for hazard ratios are reported having adjusted for age, sex, education, income, marital status, depressive illness, and both social and emotional loneliness. RESULTS Although social loneliness was not associated with mortality in those living alone, emotional loneliness was; with each 1 SD increase in emotional loneliness, there was an 18.6% increased risk of all-cause mortality in the fully adjusted model (HR = 1.186, p = .029). No associations emerged for social or emotional loneliness among those not living alone. Examinations of potential moderators revealed that with each 1 SD increase in functional status, the risk associated with emotional loneliness for all-cause mortality increased by 17.9% (hazard ratiointeraction = 1.179, p = .005) in those living alone. No interaction between personality traits with loneliness emerged. CONCLUSIONS Emotional loneliness is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality in older adults who live alone. Functional status was identified as one potential pathway accounting for the adverse consequences of loneliness. Emotional loneliness that can arise out of the loss or absence of a close emotional attachment figure seems to be the toxic component of loneliness.

A comparison of acute and long-term health-care personnel's attitudes towards older adults.

Abstract: Considerable variations in the quality of care older adults receive may depend much on the attitude of staff towards them The attitudes of nurses, assistant personnel and porters towards older adults were assessed Determinants affecting this judgement, such as age, gender, education, years in practice and care setting, were also assessed Ninety-nine (acute) and 87 (long-term) hospital employees completed the self-report Kogan’s Attitude Towards Old People scale Significant statistical differences in negative attitudes were found between assistant personnel and nurses and between porters and nurses; these non-professionals believed that older adults were irritable, grouchy, complaining and untidy Practice area had no influence on attitudes; attitudes were, however, significantly predicted by education levels Findings suggest that, irrespective of setting, assistant personnel and porters possess significantly greater negative attitudes towards older adults than nursing staff Furthermore, these negative attitudes seem to be a function of lower educational achievement Implications for informing practice, education and policy-makers are discussed

‘Happy and a bit Nervous’: the experiences of children with autism in physical education

Abstract: Summary Twelve students with autistic disorder participated in interviews to reveal their perspective of physical education Inductive thematic analysis was undertaken to provide a comprehensive account of the data Three key themes emerged, each a compilation of a set of subthemes The first theme, individual challenges, was comprised of physical ability, sensory challenges and a fear of injury The second theme, peer interactions, encapsulated subthemes of initiation of friendship, camaraderie, social comparison and bullying The final theme that emerged from the data was exclusion, which attends to children’s experiences of being excluded by the teacher or as a result of activities being too difficult Most notably, however, this theme relates to children requesting to be excluded These findings are discussed in relation to research on the perspectives of students with and without disabilities Considerations for future research are also provided

Using Multivariate Statistics

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Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct

Abstract: 1. Resolving Ethical Issues 1.01 Misuse of Psychologists’ Work 1.02 Conflicts Between Ethics and Law, Regulations, or Other Governing Legal Authority 1.03 Conflicts Between Ethics and Organizational Demands 1.04 Informal Resolution of Ethical Violations 1.05 Reporting Ethical Violations 1.06 Cooperating With Ethics Committees 1.07 Improper Complaints 1.08 Unfair Discrimination Against Complainants and Respondents

Conducting Clinical Research Using Crowdsourced Convenience Samples

Abstract: Crowdsourcing has had a dramatic impact on the speed and scale at which scientific research can be conducted. Clinical scientists have particularly benefited from readily available research study participants and streamlined recruiting and payment systems afforded by Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), a popular labor market for crowdsourcing workers. MTurk has been used in this capacity for more than five years. The popularity and novelty of the platform have spurred numerous methodological investigations, making it the most studied nonprobability sample available to researchers. This article summarizes what is known about MTurk sample composition and data quality with an emphasis on findings relevant to clinical psychological research. It then addresses methodological issues with using MTurk--many of which are common to other nonprobability samples but unfamiliar to clinical science researchers--and suggests concrete steps to avoid these issues or minimize their impact.

Barriers of Influenza Vaccination Intention and Behavior – A Systematic Review of Influenza Vaccine Hesitancy, 2005 – 2016

Abstract: Background Influenza vaccine hesitancy is a significant threat to global efforts to reduce the burden of seasonal and pandemic influenza. Potential barriers of influenza vaccination need to be identified to inform interventions to raise awareness, influenza vaccine acceptance and uptake. Objective This review aims to (1) identify relevant studies and extract individual barriers of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccination for risk groups and the general public; and (2) map knowledge gaps in understanding influenza vaccine hesitancy to derive directions for further research and inform interventions in this area. Methods Thirteen databases covering the areas of Medicine, Bioscience, Psychology, Sociology and Public Health were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between the years 2005 and 2016. Following the PRISMA approach, 470 articles were selected and analyzed for significant barriers to influenza vaccine uptake or intention. The barriers for different risk groups and flu types were clustered according to a conceptual framework based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and discussed using the 4C model of reasons for non-vaccination. Results Most studies were conducted in the American and European region. Health care personnel (HCP) and the general public were the most studied populations, while parental decisions for children at high risk were under-represented. This study also identifies understudied concepts. A lack of confidence, inconvenience, calculation and complacency were identified to different extents as barriers to influenza vaccine uptake in risk groups. Conclusion Many different psychological, contextual, sociodemographic and physical barriers that are specific to certain risk groups were identified. While most sociodemographic and physical variables may be significantly related to influenza vaccine hesitancy, they cannot be used to explain its emergence or intensity. Psychological determinants were meaningfully related to uptake and should therefore be measured in a valid and comparable way. A compendium of measurements for future use is suggested as supporting information.