Stephen Kaplan

Bio: Stephen Kaplan is an academic researcher from University of Michigan. The author has contributed to research in topics: Preference & Perspective (graphical). The author has an hindex of 44, co-authored 110 publications receiving 19210 citations. Previous affiliations of Stephen Kaplan include Virginia Tech College of Natural Resources and Environment.

The Experience of Nature: A Psychological Perspective

Abstract: A study of the natural environment, people, and the relationship between them. The authors offer a research-based analysis of the vital psychological role that nature plays. They try to understand how people perceive nature and what kinds of natural environments they prefer.

The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting With Nature

Abstract: We compare the restorative effects on cognitive functioning of interactions with natural versus urban environments. Attention restoration theory (ART) provides an analysis of the kinds of environments that lead to improvements in directed-attention abilities. Nature, which is filled with intriguing stimuli, modestly grabs attention in a bottom-up fashion, allowing top-down directed-attention abilities a chance to replenish. Unlike natural environments, urban environments are filled with stimulation that captures attention dramatically and additionally requires directed attention (e.g., to avoid being hit by a car), making them less restorative. We present two experiments that show that walking in nature or viewing pictures of nature can improve directed-attention abilities as measured with a backwards digit-span task and the Attention Network Task, thus validating attention restoration theory.

Cognition and environment : functioning in an uncertain world

Abstract: A control panel is provided incorporating a plurality of controls and an arrangement for the rapid mounting and demounting thereof in an aperture of a support. The mounting and demounting arrangement permits the retention of the panel with one side of the opening retained in a slot in a corresponding side of the panel and the other side of the opening being retained between a projection and a displaceable dog on the opposite side of said panel. Said dog is mounted on a bolt threaded in said panel for displacement between a first position in which the dog engages the wall of the opening and a second position wherein the dog is displaced both away from the wall of the opening in the axial direction of the bolt and pivoted by the bolt out of registration of the wall to permit release of the panel. The controls may include diaphragm-type push-button switches, slide switches and rotatable multi-position switches.

With people in mind : design and management of everyday nature

Abstract: With People in Mind explores how to design and manage areas of "everyday nature" - parks and open spaces, corporate grounds, vacant lots and backyard gardens, fields and forests - in ways that are beneficial to and appreciated by humans. The authors introduce a new way of thinking about natural areas and present concrete and detailed recommendations for effective design and management. Enhanced by a wealth of illustrations and images, With People in Mind translates the results of many years of empirical studies into practical design and management approaches. It is a readable and flexible guide for practitioners and students in landscape architecture, planning, resource management, environmental psychology, and other fields.

Principles of Neural Science

Abstract: I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees:

Abstract: A typology of service organizations is presented and a conceptual framework is advanced for exploring the impact of physical surroundings on the behaviors of both customers and employees. The abili...

Remembering. A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology, Cambridge (University Press) 1964.

Abstract: Part I. Experimental Studies: 2. Experiment in psychology 3. Experiments on perceiving III Experiments on imaging 4-8. Experiments on remembering: (a) The method of description (b) The method of repeated reproduction (c) The method of picture writing (d) The method of serial reproduction (e) The method of serial reproduction picture material 9. Perceiving, recognizing, remembering 10. A theory of remembering 11. Images and their functions 12. Meaning Part II. Remembering as a Study in Social Psychology: 13. Social psychology 14. Social psychology and the matter of recall 15. Social psychology and the manner of recall 16. Conventionalism 17. The notion of a collective unconscious 18. The basis of social recall 19. A summary and some conclusions.

Attitudinal effects of mere exposure.

Abstract: The hypothesis is offered that mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus object enhances his attitude toward it. By \"mere\" exposure is meant a condition making the stimulus accessible to the individual's perception. Support for the hypothesis consists of 4 types of evidence, presented and reviewed: (a) the correlation between affective connotation of words and word frequency; (b) the effect of experimentally manipulated frequency of exposure upon the affective connotation of nonsense words and symbols; (c) the correlation between word frequency and the attitude to their referents j (d) the effects of experimentally manipulated frequency of exposure on attitude. The relevance for the exposure-attitude hypothesis of the exploration theory and of the semantic satiation findings were examined.