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Showing papers by "Stephen S Lim published in 2013"


Journal ArticleDOI
Christopher J L Murray1, Jerry Puthenpurakal Abraham2, Mohammed K. Ali3, Miriam Alvarado1, Charles Atkinson1, Larry M. Baddour4, David Bartels5, Emelia J. Benjamin6, Kavi Bhalla5, Gretchen L. Birbeck7, Ian Bolliger1, Roy Burstein1, Emily Carnahan1, Honglei Chen8, David Chou1, Sumeet S. Chugh9, Aaron Cohen10, K. Ellicott Colson1, Leslie T. Cooper11, William G. Couser12, Michael H. Criqui13, Kaustubh Dabhadkar3, Nabila Dahodwala14, Goodarz Danaei5, Robert P. Dellavalle15, Don C. Des Jarlais16, Daniel Dicker1, Eric L. Ding5, E. Ray Dorsey17, Herbert C. Duber1, Beth E. Ebel12, Rebecca E. Engell1, Majid Ezzati18, David T. Felson6, Mariel M. Finucane5, Seth Flaxman19, Abraham D. Flaxman1, Thomas D. Fleming1, Mohammad H. Forouzanfar1, Greg Freedman1, Michael Freeman1, Sherine E. Gabriel4, Emmanuela Gakidou1, Richard F. Gillum20, Diego Gonzalez-Medina1, Richard A. Gosselin21, Bridget F. Grant8, Hialy R. Gutierrez22, Holly Hagan23, Rasmus Havmoeller24, Rasmus Havmoeller9, Howard J. Hoffman8, Kathryn H. Jacobsen25, Spencer L. James1, Rashmi Jasrasaria1, Sudha Jayaraman5, Nicole E. Johns1, Nicholas J Kassebaum12, Shahab Khatibzadeh5, Lisa M. Knowlton5, Qing Lan, Janet L Leasher26, Stephen S Lim1, John K Lin5, Steven E. Lipshultz27, Stephanie J. London8, Rafael Lozano, Yuan Lu5, Michael F. Macintyre1, Leslie Mallinger1, Mary M. McDermott28, Michele Meltzer29, George A. Mensah8, Catherine Michaud30, Ted R. Miller31, Charles Mock12, Terrie E. Moffitt32, Ali A. Mokdad1, Ali H. Mokdad1, Andrew E. Moran22, Dariush Mozaffarian33, Dariush Mozaffarian5, Tasha B. Murphy1, Mohsen Naghavi1, K.M. Venkat Narayan3, Robert G. Nelson8, Casey Olives12, Saad B. Omer3, Katrina F Ortblad1, Bart Ostro34, Pamela M. Pelizzari35, David Phillips1, C. Arden Pope36, Murugesan Raju37, Dharani Ranganathan1, Homie Razavi, Beate Ritz38, Frederick P. Rivara12, Thomas Roberts1, Ralph L. Sacco27, Joshua A. Salomon5, Uchechukwu K.A. Sampson39, Ella Sanman1, Amir Sapkota40, David C. Schwebel41, Saeid Shahraz42, Kenji Shibuya43, Rupak Shivakoti17, Donald H. Silberberg14, Gitanjali M Singh5, David Singh44, Jasvinder A. Singh41, David A. Sleet, Kyle Steenland3, Mohammad Tavakkoli5, Jennifer A. Taylor45, George D. Thurston23, Jeffrey A. Towbin46, Monica S. Vavilala12, Theo Vos1, Gregory R. Wagner47, Martin A. Weinstock48, Marc G. Weisskopf5, James D. Wilkinson27, Sarah Wulf1, Azadeh Zabetian3, Alan D. Lopez49 
14 Aug 2013-JAMA
TL;DR: To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology was used.
Abstract: Importance Understanding the major health problems in the United States and how they are changing over time is critical for informing national health policy. Objectives To measure the burden of diseases, injuries, and leading risk factors in the United States from 1990 to 2010 and to compare these measurements with those of the 34 countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. Design We used the systematic analysis of descriptive epidemiology of 291 diseases and injuries, 1160 sequelae of these diseases and injuries, and 67 risk factors or clusters of risk factors from 1990 to 2010 for 187 countries developed for the Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study to describe the health status of the United States and to compare US health outcomes with those of 34 OECD countries. Years of life lost due to premature mortality (YLLs) were computed by multiplying the number of deaths at each age by a reference life expectancy at that age. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated by multiplying prevalence (based on systematic reviews) by the disability weight (based on population-based surveys) for each sequela; disability in this study refers to any short- or long-term loss of health. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated as the sum of YLDs and YLLs. Deaths and DALYs related to risk factors were based on systematic reviews and meta-analyses of exposure data and relative risks for risk-outcome pairs. Healthy life expectancy (HALE) was used to summarize overall population health, accounting for both length of life and levels of ill health experienced at different ages. Results US life expectancy for both sexes combined increased from 75.2 years in 1990 to 78.2 years in 2010; during the same period, HALE increased from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. The diseases and injuries with the largest number of YLLs in 2010 were ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and road injury. Age-standardized YLL rates increased for Alzheimer disease, drug use disorders, chronic kidney disease, kidney cancer, and falls. The diseases with the largest number of YLDs in 2010 were low back pain, major depressive disorder, other musculoskeletal disorders, neck pain, and anxiety disorders. As the US population has aged, YLDs have comprised a larger share of DALYs than have YLLs. The leading risk factors related to DALYs were dietary risks, tobacco smoking, high body mass index, high blood pressure, high fasting plasma glucose, physical inactivity, and alcohol use. Among 34 OECD countries between 1990 and 2010, the US rank for the age-standardized death rate changed from 18th to 27th, for the age-standardized YLL rate from 23rd to 28th, for the age-standardized YLD rate from 5th to 6th, for life expectancy at birth from 20th to 27th, and for HALE from 14th to 26th. Conclusions and Relevance From 1990 to 2010, the United States made substantial progress in improving health. Life expectancy at birth and HALE increased, all-cause death rates at all ages decreased, and age-specific rates of years lived with disability remained stable. However, morbidity and chronic disability now account for nearly half of the US health burden, and improvements in population health in the United States have not kept pace with advances in population health in other wealthy nations.

2,159 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
28 Jun 2013-Science
TL;DR: Data from 81 countries was used to estimate global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women and produced reliable comparative data to guide policy and monitor progress.
Abstract: Data from 81 countries was used to estimate global prevalence of intimate partner violence against women.

1,085 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2013-BMJ Open
TL;DR: Sodium intakes exceed the recommended levels in almost all countries with small differences by age and sex, and Virtually all populations would benefit from sodium reduction, supported by enhanced surveillance.
Abstract: Objectives: To estimate global, regional (21 regions) and national (187 countries) sodium intakes in adults in 1990 and 2010. Design: Bayesian hierarchical modelling using all identifiable primary sources. Data sources and eligibility: We searched and obtained published and unpublished data from 142 surveys of 24 h urinary sodium and 103 of dietary sodium conducted between 1980 and 2010 across 66 countries. Dietary estimates were converted to urine equivalents based on 79 pairs of dual measurements. Modelling methods: Bayesian hierarchical modelling used survey data and their characteristics to estimate mean sodium intake, by sex, 5 years age group and associated uncertainty for persons aged 20+ in 187 countries in 1990 and 2010. Country-level covariates were national income/person and composition of food supplies. Main outcome measures: Mean sodium intake (g/day) as estimable by 24 h urine collections, without adjustment for non-urinary losses. Results: In 2010, global mean sodium intake was 3.95 g/day (95% uncertainty interval: 3.89 to 4.01). This was nearly twice the WHO recommended limit of 2 g/day and equivalent to 10.06 (9.88–10.21) g/day of salt. Intake in men was ∼10% higher than in women; differences by age were small. Intakes were highest in East Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe (mean >4.2 g/day) and in Central Europe and Middle East/

730 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Increased physical activity alone has a small impact on obesity prevalence at the county level in the US, and the rise in physical activity levels will have a positive independent impact on the health of Americans as it will reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes.
Abstract: Obesity and physical inactivity are associated with several chronic conditions, increased medical care costs, and premature death. We used the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a state-based random-digit telephone survey that covers the majority of United States counties, and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a nationally representative sample of the US civilian noninstitutionalized population. About 3.7 million adults aged 20 years or older participated in the BRFSS from 2000 to 2011, and 30,000 adults aged 20 or older participated in NHANES from 1999 to 2010. We calculated body mass index (BMI) from self-reported weight and height in the BRFSS and adjusted for self-reporting bias using NHANES. We calculated self-reported physical activity—both any physical activity and physical activity meeting recommended levels—from self-reported data in the BRFSS. We used validated small area estimation methods to generate estimates of obesity and physical activity prevalence for each county annually for 2001 to 2011. Our results showed an increase in the prevalence of sufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2009. Levels were generally higher in men than in women, but increases were greater in women than men. Counties in Kentucky, Florida, Georgia, and California reported the largest gains. This increase in level of activity was matched by an increase in obesity in almost all counties during the same time period. There was a low correlation between level of physical activity and obesity in US counties. From 2001 to 2009, controlling for changes in poverty, unemployment, number of doctors per 100,000 population, percent rural, and baseline levels of obesity, for every 1 percentage point increase in physical activity prevalence, obesity prevalence was 0.11 percentage points lower. Our study showed that increased physical activity alone has a small impact on obesity prevalence at the county level in the US. Indeed, the rise in physical activity levels will have a positive independent impact on the health of Americans as it will reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Other changes such as reduction in caloric intake are likely needed to curb the obesity epidemic and its burden.

150 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: SSBs are a major cause of preventable deaths due to chronic diseases, not only in high-income countries, but in low and middle- income countries as well, and these findings provide the most comprehensive quantitative estimates of this burden to inform global prevention programs.
Abstract: Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are consumed globally and contribute to adiposity. However, the worldwide quantitative impact of sugar-sweetened beverages on burdens of adiposity-relat...

78 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An updated review of epidemiological studies on the effect of water and sanitation interventions on self-reported diarrhoea episodes suggests much smaller impacts of water or sanitation interventions than previously thought.

45 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The differences between previous studies and the all-study and RCT-restricted results illustrate the importance of further research to understand the value of seafood intake, and the connection between relative risks and their health impact at the population level is made.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Hu et al. as discussed by the authors presented evidence from four countries on the number of people fatally injured by drivers with blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) above various thresholds, and compared these estimates to estimated alcohol-attributable fatalities from the 2010 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study.

3 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The risk model accurately predicted individual all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the US population and can be used to counsel patients on what actions to take to protect their health, identify patients at high risk of avoidable death, and monitor the impact of broad efforts to improve population health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the countries examined in this study, coverage of vector control interventions did not necessarily increase with increasing malaria risk, and strategies for targeting interventions should be devised to achieve their greatest lifesaving potential.

Journal Article
TL;DR: These findings provide the most robust evidence to-date on the global and country-specific impact of excess Na on CVD, directly informing priorities for prevention efforts and policies to reduce global deaths.
Abstract: Background. Although sodium (Na) intake increases blood pressure (BP) and is thought to be high in many nations, the global impact of excess Na on BP related CVD is unknown. Methods. As part of the 2010 Global Burden of Diseases study, we established a comprehensive compilation of data on Na intake by age, sex, country, and time. From 2007 to 2012, we identified and extracted data from direct contacts on 247 national and subnational surveys worldwide, including 143 of 24-hour urine Na and 104 of estimated dietary Na, in sum representing 66 countries and 74.1% of the world population. We evaluated and adjusted for comparability, assessment methods, and representativeness, and imputed missing values using a Bayesian hierarchical model. We quantified BP effects of Na, including interaction by age, hypertension, and race, in a new meta-analysis of 107 RCTs. Effects of systolic BP on CVD were quantified from large prospective cohorts. Country, age, sex, and cause-specific deaths were obtained from WHO. Impacts of current Na intakes were quantified using comparative risk assessment, vs. a potential optimal intake of 1000 mg/d (2.5 g/d salt), by age, sex, and country. Findings. In 2010, mean global Na intake was 4.0 g/d, with regional means ranging from 2.2 to 5.6 g/d. 1.38M (95% CI 0.9, 1.5M) CVD deaths were attributable to excess Na in 2010, 45% due to CHD, 46% to stroke, and 9% other CVD. 55% of these deaths were in men; 45% in women. >80% of deaths were in low and mid-income countries. Among the top 30 most populous nations, highest mortality due to Na was seen in Ukraine (1163 deaths per million adult population), Russia (1006), and China (505); highest proportional mortality in Thailand (18.5% of all CVD deaths attributable to excess Na), China (17.6%), and Korea (17.4%) (Figure). Findings by age and sex will be shown. Conclusions. These findings provide the most robust evidence to-date on the global and country-specific impact of excess Na on CVD, directly informing priorities for prevention efforts and policies to reduce global deaths.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Researchers should strive to further refine the methods used to estimate the number of alcohol-attributable road traffic injuries by correcting for the underestimation of survey-based exposure data as well as by including factors which may mediate the alcohol-injury relationship (such as road conditions).