Showing papers by "Stephen V. Faraone published in 1990"
TL;DR: Relatives of ADD probands had a higher morbidity risk for ADD than did relatives of psychiatric and normal controls and could not be accounted for by gender or generation of relative, the age of proband, social class, or the intactness of the family.
Abstract: Using family study methodology and assessments made by blind raters, this study evaluated family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors for DSM-III attention deficit disorder (ADD) among the 457 first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADD ( N = 73), compared with psychiatric ( N = 26) and normal controls ( N = 26). Relatives of ADD probands had a higher morbidity risk for ADD (25.1% versus 5.3% versus 4.6%, ps ps p = 0.038 and 27.1% versus 3.6%, p = 0.00001) than did relatives of psychiatric and normal controls. The increased risk for ADD could not be accounted for by gender or generation of relative, the age of proband, social class, or the intactness of the family. These results confirm and extend previous findings indicating important family-genetic risk factors in ADD.
476 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that behavioral inhibition may be associated with risk for anxiety disorders in children, and inhibited children had increased risk for multiple anxiety, overanxious, and phobic disorders.
Abstract: • Behavioral inhibition is a laboratory-based temperamental category by the tendency to constrict behavior in unfamiliar situations and assumed to reflect low thresholds of limbic arousal. We previously found behavioral inhibition prevalent in the offspring of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia. In this report, we examined the psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition by evaluating the sample of offspring of parents with panic disorder and agoraphobia, previously dichotomized as inhibited and not inhibited, and an existing epidemiologically derived sample of children, followed by Kagan and colleagues and originally identified at 21 months of age as inhibited or uninhibited. A third group of healthy children was added for comparison. Our findings indicate that inhibited children had increased risk for multiple anxiety, overanxious, and phobic disorders. It is suggested that behavioral inhibition may be associated with risk for anxiety disorders in children.
471 citations
TL;DR: Five heterogeneity models and a number of quantitative approaches are described to apply rigorous methods of study to the comparison of unitary models and competing heterogeneity models of schizophrenia.
Abstract: Schizophrenia is clinically heterogeneous but it is not known whether this is due to the existence of discrete subtypes. For the purpose of explication, 'indicators' of schizophrenia are divided into three levels: phenomenology, pathophysiology, and aetiology. Five heterogeneity models and a number of quantitative approaches are described. It is imperative to apply rigorous methods of study to the comparison of unitary models and competing heterogeneity models of schizophrenia.
191 citations
TL;DR: Male and female relatives of schizophrenic men had a significantly lower risk for schizophrenia, schizophreniform, and schizoaffective disorders than relatives of schizophrenia women, however, the effect was not significant for the full spectrum nor when analysed by sex of relative.
Abstract: The hypothesis that schizophrenic men have a lower familial risk for schizophrenia than schizophrenic women was tested using the DSM-III-diagnosed samples of the Iowa 500 and non-500 family studies. Survival analyses were used to test for differences in the risk for schizophrenia and spectrum disorders, for sex of proband and sex of relative, controlled for fertility effects and ascertainment bias. Male and female relatives of schizophrenic men had a significantly lower risk for schizophrenia, schizophreniform, and schizoaffective disorders than relatives of schizophrenic women. However, the effect was not significant for the full spectrum nor when analysed by sex of relative. Sex differences in the risk for other psychiatric disorders among relatives of schizophrenic probands were not significant.
122 citations
TL;DR: In a population of 43 children satisfying clinical criteria for DSM-III ADD, parents and teachers independently completed them module on ADD derived from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, indicating a very high probability that, in clinically referred children, a clinical diagnosis of ADD based on parent report will be corroborated by a teacher report.
Abstract: The literature evaluating agreement between paretn and teacher reports on symptoms of attention deficit disorder (ADD) has repeatedly shown only modest correlations between these two sources of information. A more relevant statistic to this clinical issue, however, is the positive predictive power, the conditional probability that diagnostic criteria will be met by teacher's report if that diagnosis has been made based on parental report. In a polulation of 43 children (ages 4 to 17) satisfying clinical criteria for DSM-III ADD, parents and teachers independently completed them module on ADD derived from the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents. Although correlations for individual symptoms were low to moderate, there was a 90% probability that the teacher report would resultsin a positive diagnosis given a positive parent diagnosis, indicating a very high probability that, in clinically referred children, a clinical diagnosis of ADD based on parent report will be corroborated by a teacher report. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1990, 29, 5:698–701.
89 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Findings in a group of unselected and blindly evaluated relatives of ADD children provide indirect support for the validity of the diagnosis of ADD using standardized instruments and operational criteria.
Abstract: Using criterion-based structured interview techniques and blind assessment, the authors reported high rates of DSM-III childhood attention deficit disorder (ADD) in nonpatient first-degree relatives (parents and siblings) of 6- to 17-year-old clinically referred probands with ADD compared with rates found in relatives of normal comparison children of the same age. To further examine the validity of the ADD diagnosis in these nonreferred relatives, the authors examined whether the diagnosis was associated with antisocial disorders known to co-occur with ADD
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of relatively nonagitated but chronically ill psychiatric patients (N = 18) found that the Wonderlic IQ estimation accuracy and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) correlations were consistent with data previously reported for the WAIS, and generally support the value of theWonderlic as a highly economical measure of general intelligence.
Abstract: Although there have been several reports of high correlations between Wonderlic Personnel Test scores and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Full Scale IQ, findings have been inconsistent in psychiatric samples. Sample differences and differences between the WAIS and the revised WAIS (WAIS-R) were considered likely reasons. In this study of relatively nonagitated but chronically ill psychiatric patients (N = 18), Wonderlic IQ estimation accuracy and Wonderlic/WAIS-R correlations were consistent with data previously reported for the WAIS, and generally support the value of the Wonderlic as a highly economical measure of general intelligence. However, the inability of 1 subject to manage the Wonderlic format suggests that severe visuospatial impairment can invalidate this test
48 citations
TL;DR: 2 types of studies aimed at specifying the mode of inheritance of major affective disorders: quantitative models and linkage analyses are comprehensively reviewed.
Abstract: We comprehensively reviewed 2 types of studies aimed at specifying the mode of inheritance of major affective disorders: quantitative models and linkage analyses. Quantitative models attempt to represent the genetic mechanism responsible for the familial distribution of a disorder. Despite efforts to refine models by incorporating the bipolar-unipolar distinction or the sex effect, consistent support for a specific mode of transmission has not been found. Some mixed genetic models support single major locus inheritance, but transmission probabilities do not conform to Mendelian expectations. Linkage analysis is a more powerful technique used for testing the single gene hypothesis. Linkage results have also been inconsistent, showing moderate support for an X-linked variant of bipolar-related disorder and equivocal support for linkages to Chromosomes 6 and 11. However, relatively few genetic loci have been examined. Methodological factors, genetic heterogeneity, and phenotypic heterogeneity are discussed as potential explanations for inconsistent findings.
43 citations
TL;DR: Serum prolactin levels were measured during neuroleptic treatment and during the Neuroleptic-free period and showed a "V" pattern, consistent with transient dopaminergic hyperactivity following neuroleptics withdrawal.
Abstract: Neuroleptic-induced alterations in serum prolactin levels may have important clinical implications. Twenty-two stable schizophrenic patients, taken off medication over a 3-week period, were followed for 40 weeks or until the neuroleptic was reinstituted. Serum prolactin levels were measured during neuroleptic treatment and during the neuroleptic-free period. When serum prolactin levels were plotted over time, 55% of the subjects showed shifting prolactin levels in the shape of a "V" (i.e., a fall in prolactin level preceding an increase in the level) in the early weeks following withdrawal. Subjects with the "V" shape had significantly lower prolactin levels during neuroleptic treatment than those without the "V" shape. The pathophysiological significance of the prolactin "V" pattern is uncertain. It is consistent, however, with transient dopaminergic hyperactivity following neuroleptic withdrawal.
20 citations
TL;DR: Training should coven interpersonal and intrapsychic antecedents of physical aggression and related preventive strategies, realistic indicaiions for and limitations on the use of physical intervention, and pnocedures for reporting incidents.
Abstract: Physical intervention methods must be presented only within the context of instruction about psychological, legal, and ethical principles. Training should coven interpersonal and intrapsychic antecedents of physical aggression and related preventive strategies, realistic indicaiions for and limitations on the use of physical intervention, and pnocedures for reporting incidents. In addition, the legal nights and nesponsibiities of both patients and staff should be addressed. Regular refresher sessions, especially to help staff retain their physical intervention skills (3), are recommended. Such training can increase staffs sense ofself-efficacy without leading to overconfidence (10) and can enhance the quality ofcare rendered to aggressive patients.