Preface1Difference Equations12Lag Operators253Stationary ARMA Processes434Forecasting725Maximum Likelihood Estimation1176Spectral Analysis1527Asymptotic Distribution Theory1808Linear Regression Models2009Linear Systems of Simultaneous Equations23310Covariance-Stationary Vector Processes25711Vector Autoregressions29112Bayesian Analysis35113The Kalman Filter37214Generalized Method of Moments40915Models of Nonstationary Time Series43516Processes with Deterministic Time Trends45417Univariate Processes with Unit Roots47518Unit Roots in Multivariate Time Series54419Cointegration57120Full-Information Maximum Likelihood Analysis of Cointegrated Systems63021Time Series Models of Heteroskedasticity65722Modeling Time Series with Changes in Regime677A Mathematical Review704B Statistical Tables751C Answers to Selected Exercises769D Greek Letters and Mathematical Symbols Used in the Text786Author Index789Subject Index792

https://sisis.rz.htw-berlin.de/inh2007/12357004.pdf

Time series analysis

The present study integrated a number of streams of research on the antecedents of innovation to develop and test a model of individual innovative behavior. Hypothesizing that leadership, individual problem-solving style, and work group relations affect innovative behavior directly and indirectly through their influence on perceptions of the climate for innovation, we used structural equation analysis to test the parameters of the proposed model simultaneously and also explored the moderating effect of task characteristics. The model explained approximately 37 percent of the variance in innovative behavior. Task type moderated the relationship between leader role expectations and innovative behavior.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/256701.pdf

Determinants of innovative behavior: a path model of individual innovation in the workplace

Will man ein relativ unbeschwertes Bild uber Organisationen gewinnen, ist es ratsam, etwa 150–200 Jahre zuruckzugreifen. Als Ausgangspunkt last sich dann ein Organisationsverstandnis erkennen, das sich gegen Begriffe wie Ordnung oder Organismus nicht deutlich abgrenzt und das in dieser Unscharfe umstandslos modernen Entwicklungen in Staat und Wirtschaft zugeordnet werden kann. Organisation ist Ausfuhrung von Herrschaft oder Ausfuhrung von Produktion — in jedem Falle ein Phanomen von gesamtgesellschaftlicher Relevanz. Heinrich Stephani etwa fordert, um ein Beispiel zu geben, in seinem Grundris der Staatserziehungswissenschaft1, das das Erziehungswesen „eine zweckmasige, durch den ganzen Staat sich erstreckende Organisation erhalte“. Ohne Organisation „sei bei allem guten Willen nichts gedeihliches zu erwarten, weil nach einem ewigen Naturgesetz jede Kraft zu ihre Wirksamkeit Organe nothig hat, durch welche sie sich zweckmasig ausern kann“. Entsprechend wird die Organisation in ihrer Einheit durch ein Vernunftschema begriffen und in ihrem Fortschritt daran gemessen, in welchem Mase sie ein Ideal erreicht2. Modern gesprochen: Organisation wird nicht gegen Gesellschaft und gesellschaftliche Funktionsbereiche differenziert und nicht als ein System eigener Typik, nicht etwa als „Burokratie“ begriffen.

Organisation und Entscheidung

The literature on fear of crime has grown rapidly in the last three decades. This paper examines the reasons for this growth and attempts to put some structure on the work to date. The inadequacies of measures of fear of crime are discussed and alternative approaches suggested. Alternative explanatory theories are compared and strategies for reducing fear reviewed.

Fear of crime: A review of the literature.

This study applies Agnew's general strain theory (GST) to two fundamental questions about gender and crime: (1) How can we explain the higher rate of crime among males? (2) How can we explain why females engage in crime? With respect to the first question, the authors suggest that gender differences in types of strain and the reaction to strain help one understand the gender gap in criminal behavior. With respect to the second question, it is argued that several types of strain may lead to female crime under the proper circumstances. In this area, GST has much in common with numerous accounts that explain female crime in terms of oppression.

Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective

The authors construct a model for explaining "fear" of crime by using the relevant literature to identify possible factors and making out a prima facie case for each by examining data from the second British Crime Survey. Using logit analysis this model is tested on data derived from the same survey. The authors show that such factors as gender, age, race, neighbourhood cohesion, confidence in the police, levels of local incivility, experience of victimisation, perception of risk and assessment of offence seriousness all combine toform a theoretical account of "fear" which has strong empirical support. On the basis of these findings, they conclude by making some suggestions for policies to reduce this "fear".

Explaining fear of crime

Power, Crime and Mystification

The alleged criminogenic nature of female liberation/emancipation has been tested recently by numerous North American researchers. Not only did the results lead them to different conclusions, but they did not test simultaneously for the effects on female conviction rates of increasing economic marginalization or less chivalrous treatment by the public, police, or courts toward female suspects. Data relating to England and Wales for 1951-1980 are used to test these competing explanations for changes in female criminality. The results give little support to the emancipation/liberation causes female crime hypothesis, but do provide limited support for the marginalization thesis. However, changes in social labelling appear to have a significant impact on female conviction rates, suggesting that previous researches omitting this possibility were seriously deficient. The authors suggest further research on actual women's lives and behavioral responses as a means of testing the effects of liberation/emancipation and marginalization on female criminal behavior.

Steven Box

Papers

Explaining fear of crime

Power, Crime and Mystification

Liberation/Emancipation, Economic Marginalization, or Less Chivalry

Unemployment, imprisonment and prison overcrowding

Liberation and Female Criminality in England and Wales