Steven J. Spencer

TL;DR: This article found that when the test was described as producing gender differences and stereotype threat was high, women performed substantially worse than equally qualified men did on difficult (but not easy) math tests among a highly selected sample of men and women.

TL;DR: This article found that African Americans, Native Americans, and many Latino groups perform lower than their tested skills would predict in difficult math classes yet at their predicted levels in other classes that they examined such as English or, as they later found, in entry-level math classes.

TL;DR: It is argued that when it is easy to manipulate and measure a proposed psychological process that a series of experiments that demonstrates the proposed causal chain is superior, and that designs that examine underlying process by utilizing moderation can be effective.

TL;DR: This article found that when individuals evaluated a member of a stereotyped group, they were less likely to evaluate that person negatively if their self-images had been bolstered through a self-affirmation procedure, and they were more likely to assess that person stereotypically if their own self-image had been threatened by negative feedback.

TL;DR: The authors found that women who viewed the stereotypic commercials indicated less interest in educational/vocational options in which they were susceptible to stereotype threat (i.e., quantitative domains) and more interest in fields in which women were immune to stereotype threats (e.g., verbal domains), and women taking an aptitude test in Study 2 to avoid math items in favor of verbal items.