Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the supply chain coordination with contracts. Numerous supply chain models are discussed. In each model, the supply chain optimal actions are identified. The chapter extends the newsvendor model by allowing the retailer to choose the retail price in addition to the stocking quantity. Coordination is more complex in this setting because the incentives provided to align one action might cause distortions with the other action. The newsvendor model is also extended by allowing the retailer to exert costly effort to increase demand. Coordination is challenging because the retailer's effort is noncontractible—that is, the firms cannot write contracts based on the effort chosen. The chapter also discusses an infinite horizon stochastic demand model in which the retailer receives replenishments from a supplier after a constant lead time. Coordination requires that the retailer chooses a large basestock level.

Supply Chain Coordination with Contracts

Under a revenue-sharing contract, a retailer pays a supplier a wholesale price for each unit purchased, plus a percentage of the revenue the retailer generates. Such contracts have become more prevalent in the videocassette rental industry relative to the more conventional wholesale price contract. This paper studies revenue-sharing contracts in a general supply chain model with revenues determined by each retailer's purchase quantity and price. Demand can be deterministic or stochastic and revenue is generated either from rentals or outright sales. Our model includes the case of a supplier selling to a classical fixed-price newsvendor or a price-setting newsvendor. We demonstrate that revenue sharing coordinates a supply chain with a single retailer (i.e., the retailer chooses optimal price and quantity) and arbitrarily allocates the supply chain's profit. We compare revenue sharing to a number of other supply chain contracts (e.g., buy-back contracts, price-discount contracts, quantity-flexibility contracts, sales-rebate contracts, franchise contracts, and quantity discounts). We find that revenue sharing is equivalent to buybacks in the newsvendor case and equivalent to price discounts in the price-setting newsvendor case. Revenue sharing also coordinates a supply chain with retailers competing in quantities, e.g., Cournot competitors or competing newsvendors with fixed prices. Despite its numerous merits, we identify several limitations of revenue sharing to (at least partially) explain why it is not prevalent in all industries. In particular, we characterize cases in which revenue sharing provides only a small improvement over the administratively cheaper wholesale price contract. Additionally, revenue sharing does not coordinate a supply chain with demand that depends on costly retail effort. We develop a variation on revenue sharing for this setting.

/pdf/supply-chain-coordination-with-revenue-sharing-contracts-3yw0dxmwvj.pdf

Supply Chain Coordination with Revenue-Sharing Contracts: Strengths and Limitations

Many companies have embarked on initiatives that enable more demand information sharing between retailers and their upstream suppliers. While the literature on such initiatives in the business press is proliferating, it is not clear how one can quantify the benefits of these initiatives and how one can identify the drivers of the magnitudes of these benefits. Using analytical models, this paper aims at addressing these questions for a simple two-level supply chain with nonstationary end demands. Our analysis suggests that the value of demand information sharing can be quite high, especially when demands are significantly correlated over time.

The Value of Information Sharing in a Two-Level Supply Chain

Perspectives in supply chain risk management

https://repub.eur.nl/pub/2244/eur_dekker_65.pdf

Quantitative models for reverse logistics: A review

Chapter 1 Strategy and Competition Chapter 2 Forecasting Chapter 3 Aggregate Planning Supplement 1 Linear Programming Chapter 4 Inventory Control Subject to Known Demand Chapter 5 Inventory Control Subject to Uncertain Demand Chapter 6 Supply Chain Management Chapter 7 Push and Pull Production Control Systems: MRP and JIT Chapter 8 Operations Scheduling Supplement 2 Queuing Theory Chapter 9 Project Scheduling Chapter 10 Facilities Layout and Location Chapter 11 Quality and Assurance Chapter 12 Reliability and Maintainability Appendix Tables Index

Production and Operations Analysis

This paper reviews the relevant literature on the problem of determining suitable ordering policies for both fixed life perishable inventory, and inventory subject to continuous exponential decay. We consider both deterministic and stochastic demand for single and multiple products. Both optimal and sub-optimal order policies are discussed. In addition, a brief review of the application of these models to blood bank management is included. The review concludes with a discussion of some of the interesting open research questions in the area.

Perishable Inventory Theory: A Review

In this review, we summarize model-based research on contracts in the supply chain setting and provide a taxonomy for work in this area. During our discussions it became clear that the field has developed in many directions at once. Furthermore, as we surveyed the Uterature, it was not obvious what constitutes a contract in this context. While the nomenclature “supply chain management” is relatively new, many of the problems that are addressed are not. In particular, mathematical models for optimizing inventory control have a long history as a significant part of the mainstream of operations research and operations management. Inventory modeling, per se, dates to the early part of the century and the ideas of a Westinghouse engineer named Ford Harris (1915). A natural issue to address first is what is meant by supply chain management (SCM) research and how it relates to the vast body of work constituting classical inventory theory.

Modeling Supply Chain Contracts: A Review

This paper deals with the problem of computing optimal ordering policies for a single product with a lifetime of exactly m periods. Costs are charged against ordering, holding, shortages, and out-dating. To take explicit account of the perishability, we substitute a cost to be incurred at the time of outdating. The functional equation approach of dynamic programming is used to extend this model to the multiperiod case, and the structure of optimal ordering policies is analyzed.

Optimal Ordering Policies for Perishable Inventory-II

In this paper we develop an approximate model of an inventory control system in which there exist two options for resupply, with one having a shorter lead time. Because the optimal policy appears to be extremely complex, we consider a reasonable extension of the standard Q, R policy to allow for two different lot sizes Q1 and Q2, and two different reorder levels, R1 and R2. Expressions for the expected on hand inventory and the expected backorders are developed and a procedure for determining the policy parameters is given. The model is validated by simulation, and calculations are included which compare the average annual cost with and without emergency ordering.

Steven Nahmias

Papers

Production and Operations Analysis

Perishable Inventory Theory: A Review

Modeling Supply Chain Contracts: A Review

Optimal Ordering Policies for Perishable Inventory-II

A continuous review model for an inventory system with two supply modes