Stig M. Bergström

Bio: Stig M. Bergström is an academic researcher from Ohio State University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Ordovician & Conodont. The author has an hindex of 42, co-authored 139 publications receiving 5811 citations.

The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy

Abstract: The extensive work carried out during more than a decade by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy has resulted in a new global classification of the Ordovician System into three series and seven stages. Formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) for all stages have been selected and these and the new stage names have been ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Based on a variety of biostratigraphic data, these new units are correlated with chronostratigraphic series and stages in the standard regional classifications used in the UK, North America, Baltoscandia, Australia, China, Siberia and the Mediterranean-North Gondwana region. Furthermore, based mainly on graptolite and conodont zones, the Ordovician is subdivided into 20 stage slices (SS) that have potential for precise correlations in both carbonate and shale facies. The new chronostratigraphic scheme is also tied to a new composite δ13C curve through the entire Ordovician.

Isotopic evidence for geochemical decoupling between ancient epeiric seas and bordering oceans: Implications for secular curves

Abstract: Isotopic analysis of conodonts and their host limestones sampled between two regionally extensive, altered volcanic ash layers in eastern Laurentia shows that a 454 Ma epeiric sea maintained large lateral differences in Nd and C isotope compositions. This is consistent with inferred temperature-salinity‐defined epicontinental water masses and restricted circulation between epicontinental and oceanic environments. Because the majority of old marine fossils and sedimentary rocks are known from epeiric seas, some isotope excursions in ancient marine strata may originate from expansion and contraction of geochemically distinct epicontinental water masses, rather than global-scale changes in the state of the earth-ocean system.

Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance

Abstract: Biostratigraphical, geochemical, isotopic, and paleogeographic data suggest that the Millbrig K-bentonite, one of the thickest and most widespread Ordovician volcanic ash beds in eastern North America, is the same as the so-called 'Big Bentonite' in Baltoscandia. This is the first time that the same K-bentonite has been identified in both North America and Europe, and it serves as a unique event-stratigraphic marker over a large portion of the Northern Hemisphere. This eruption produced at least 340 km[sup 3] of dense-rock-equivalent ash that was deposited in a layer up to 1-2 m thick over several million square kilometers. As much as 800 km[sup 3] of additional ash may have fallen into the Iapetus Ocean, for a total of 1,140 km[sup 3]. Trace element geochemistry shows that the ash was derived from a felsic calc-alkalic magmatic source characteristic of volcanism in a continental crust-based, destructive plate-margin setting. This is one of the largest, if not the largest, ash falls recorded in Earth's Phanerozoic stratigraphic record, but its recognizable effect on faunas and floras was minimal, and it did not result in a global extinction event. The Millbrig-Big Bentonite bed provides accurate time control for sedimentologic, paleoecologic, and paleogeographic reconstructions across plates positionedmore » in tropical (Laurentia) and temperate (Baltica) latitudes during Middle Ordovician time.« less

OVERVIEW: Neoproterozoic-Paleozoic geography and tectonics: Review, hypothesis, environmental speculation

Abstract: The ever-changing distribution of continents and ocean basins on Earth is fundamental to the environment of the planet. Recent ideas regarding pre-Pangea geography and tectonics offer fresh opportunities to examine possible causative relations between tectonics and environmental and biologic changes during the Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic eras. The starting point is an appreciation that Laurentia, the rift-bounded Precambrian core of North America, could have been juxtaposed with the cratonic cores of some present-day southern continents. This has led to reconstructions of Rodinia and Pannotia, supercontinents that may have existed in early and latest Neoproterozoic time, respectively, before and after the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin. Recognition that the Precordillera of northwest Argentina constitutes a terrane derived from Laurentia may provide critical longitudinal control on the relations of that craton to Gondwana during the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary transition, and in the early Paleozoic. The Precordillera was most likely derived from the general area of the Ouachita embayment, and may have been part of a hypothetical promontory of Laurentia, the “Texas plateau,” which was detached from the Cape of Good Hope embayment within Gondwana between the present-day Falkland-Malvinas Plateau and Transantarctic Mountains margins. Thus the American continents may represent geometric “twins” detached from the Pannotian and Pangean supercontinents in Early Cambrian and Early Cretaceous time, respectively—the new mid-ocean ridge crests of those times initiating the two environmental supercycles of Phanerozoic history 400 m.y. apart. In this scenario, the extremity of the Texas plateau was detached from Laurentia during the Caradocian Epoch, in a rift event ca. 455 Ma that followed Middle Ordovician collision with the proto-Andean margin of Gondwana as part of the complex Indonesian-style Taconic-Famatinian orogeny, which involved several island arc-continent collisions between the two major continental entities. Laurentia then continued its clockwise relative motion around the proto-Andean margin, colliding with other arc terranes, Avalonia, and Baltica en route to the Ouachita-Alleghanian-Hercynian-Uralian collision that completed the amalgamation of Pangea. The important change in single-celled organisms at the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic boundary (1000 Ma) accompanied assembly of Rodinia along Grenvillian sutures. Possible divergence of metazoan phyla, the appearance and disappearance of the Ediacaran fauna (ca. 650–545 Ma), and the Cambrian “explosion” of skeletalized metazoans (ca. 545–500 Ma) also appear to have taken place within the framework of tectonic change of truly global proportions. These are the opening of the Pacific Ocean basin; uplift and erosion of orogens within the newly assembled Gondwana portion of Pannotia, including a collisional mountain range extending ≈7500 km from Arabia to the Pacific margin of Antarctica; the development of a Pannotia-splitting oceanic spreading ridge system nearly 10 000 km long as Laurentia broke away from Gondwana, Baltica, and Siberia; and initiation of subduction zones along thousands of kilometres of the South American and Antarctic-Australian continental margins. The Middle Ordovician sea-level changes and biologic radiation broadly coincided with initiation of the Appalachian-Andean mountain system along >7000 km of the Taconic and Famatinian belts. These correlations, based on testable paleogeographic reconstructions, invite further speculation about possible causative relations between the internally driven long-term tectonic evolution of the planet, its surface environment, and life.

Glomalean Fungi from the Ordovician

Abstract: Fossilized fungal hyphae and spores from the Ordovician of Wisconsin (with an age of about 460 million years) strongly resemble modern arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycetes). These fossils indicate that Glomales-like fungi were present at a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants on the bryophytic level. Thus, these fungi may have played a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants, and the fossils support molecular estimates of fungal phylogeny that place the origin of the major groups of terrestrial fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Glomales) around 600 million years ago.