Attention and Effort

Objectives: Lao Juan (LJ, 劳倦) is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine (CM) that manifests with : Lao Juan (LJ, 劳倦) is a syndrome described in Chinese medicine (CM) that manifests with fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. fatigue, fever, spontaneous sweating, indigestion, work-induced pain, weakness of the limbs, and shortness of breath. The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire (LJQ). The present study was conducted to examine the reliability and validity of a Lao Juan Questionnaire (LJQ). Methods: A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects A total of 151 outpatients and 73 normal subjects were asked to complete the LJQ. Seventy-three normal subjects were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). Twelve clinicians determined whether the were additionally asked to complete the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS). Twelve clinicians determined whether the 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using 151 outpatients exhibited LJ or not. The internal consistency and construct validity for the LJQ were estimated using data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ data from the outpatient subjects. The CFS data were used to examine the concurrent validity of the LJQ. Total LJQ scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics (ROC) scores and the clinicians' diagnoses of the outpatients were used to perform receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses and to defi ne an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. curve analyses and to defi ne an optimum cut-off score for the LJQ. Results: The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal : The 19-item LJQ had satisfactory internal consistency (α=0.828) and concurrent validity, with signifi cant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. consistency (α=0.828) and concurrent validity, with signifi cant correlations between the LJQ and the CFS subscales. In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall In the test of construct validity using principal component analysis, a total of six factors were extracted, and the overall variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specifi city, and area under the variance explained by all factors was 59.5%. In ROC curve analyses, the sensitivity, specifi city, and area under the curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defi ned as six points. curve were 76.0%, 59.2%, and 0.709, respectively. The optimum cut-off score was defi ned as six points. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ. Our results suggest that the LJQ is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating LJ. KEYWORDS Chinese medicine, chronic fatigue syndrome, Chinese medicine-pattern Chinese medicine, chronic fatigue syndrome, Chinese medicine-pattern

Development and Validation of A

This article presents an overview of philosophy of science and research paradigms. The philosophy of science parameters of ontology, epistemology, axiology, rhetorical structure, and methodology are discussed across the research paradigms of positivism, postpositivism, constructivism-interpretivism, and the critical-ideological perspective. Counseling researchers are urged to locate their inquiry approaches within identifiable research paradigms, and examples of locating 2 popular inquiry approaches-consensual qualitative research and grounded theory-are provided. Examples of how counseling research would proceed from varying paradigms are explored, and a call is made for expanding the training students receive in philosophy of science and qualitative approaches to inquiry.

Qualitative research in counseling psychology: A primer on research paradigms and philosophy of science

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED045723.pdf

Comparison of Bayesian and Regression Approaches to the Study of Information Processing in Judgment.

A meta-analysis was performed of concurrent and longitudinal studies on the relation of family factors to juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. Analyses of longitudinal data show that socialization variables, such as lack of parental supervision, parental rejection, and parent-child involvement, are among the most powerful predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. Medium-strength predictors include background variables such as parents' marital relations and parental criminality. Weaker predictors are lack of parental discipline, parental health, and parental absence. The effect of these factors seems to be about the same for boys and for girls. Analyses of concurrent studies comparing delinquents with nondelinquents, and aggressive children with nonaggressive children, largely parallel these findings. Data from concurrent normal samples, however, show less importance for parental child socialization practices and relatively more importance for the child's rejection of the parent and th...

Family Factors as Correlates and Predictors of Juvenile Conduct Problems and Delinquency

Preface Key ongoing features of Asking the Right Questions The special features of this new edition Chapter 1: The Benefit and Manner of Asking the Right Questions The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking Styles Tan Example of the Panning for Gold Approach The Myth of the "Right Answer" The Usefulness of Asking the Question: "Who Cares?" Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking The Satisfaction of Panning for Gold The Importance of Practice The Right Questions Critical Thinking is a Social Activity Values and Other People The Primary Values of a Critical Thinker Thinking and Feeling Keeping the Conversation Going Creating a Friendly Environment for Communication Wishful Thinking: Perhaps the Biggest Single Obstacle to Critical Thinking Chapter 2: What are the Issue and the Conclusion? Kinds of Issues Searching for the Issue Searching for the Author's or Speaker's Conclusion USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking Narrowing Your Issue Prior to Writing Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 3: What Are the Reasons? Initiating the Questioning Process Words that Identify Reasons Kinds of Reasons Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 4: What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? The Confusing Flexibility of Words Locating Key Terms and Phrases Checking for Ambiguity USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Determining Ambiguity Context and Ambiguity USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary Ambiguity and Loaded Language Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 5: What Are the Value and Descriptive Assumptions? General Guide for Identifying Assumptions Value Conflicts and Assumptions From Values to Value Assumptions Typical Value Conflicts The Communicator's Background as a Clue to Value Assumptions Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions Finding Value Assumptions on Your Own USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Values and Relativism Identifying and Evaluating Descriptive Assumptions Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions Clues for Locating Assumptions Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 6: Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning Fallacies Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point Discovering Other Common Reasoning Fallacies Looking for Diversions Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Summary of Reasoning Errors Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies Fallacies and Your Own Writing and Speaking Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 7: How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Case Examples, Testimonials, and Appeals to Authority? The Need for Evidence Locating Factual Claims Sources of Evidence Intuition as Evidence Personal Experience as Evidence Case Examples as Evidence Testimonials as Evidence Appeals to Authority as Evidence USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION EVIDENCE AND YOUR WRITING AND SPEAKING Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 8: How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, and Analogies? Personal Observation Research Studies as Evidence Problems with Research Findings Generalizing from the Research Sample Biased Surveys and Questionnaires Critical Evaluation of a Research-Based Argument Analogies as Evidence Identifying and Comprehending Analogies Evaluating Analogies USING EVIDENCE IN YOUR OWN WRITING Research and the Internet Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 9: Are There Rival Causes? When to Look For Rival Causes The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes Detecting Rival Causes The Cause or a Cause Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups Confusing Causation with Association Confusing "After this" with "Because of this" Explaining Individual Events or Acts Evaluating Rival Causes RIVAL CAUSES AND YOUR OWN COMMUNICATIoN Exploring Potential Causes Narrowing Down Your List of Potential Causes Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 10: Are the Statistics Deceptive? Unknowable and Biased Statistics Confusing Averages Concluding One Thing, Proving Another Deceiving by Omitting Information Risk Statistics and Omitted Information USING STATISTICS IN YOUR WRITING Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 11: What Significant Information is Omitted? The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning Questions that Identify Omitted Information The Importance of the Negative View Omitted Information That Reminas Missing MISSING INFORMATION IN YOUR OWN ARGUMENTS USING THIS CRITICAL QUESTION Practice Exercises Sample Responses Chapter 12: What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? Assumptions and Multiple Conclusions Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple Conclusions Two Sides or Many? Searching for Multiple Conclusions Productivity of If-Clauses Alternative Solutions as Conclusions The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative Conclusions All Conclusions Are Not Created Equal Summary Practice Exercises Sample Respones Final Word

Asking the Right Questions : A Guide to Critical Thinking

Operant clinical intervention: Behavior management or beyond? Where are the data?

The impact of legal and extralegal information on patrol officers' decision-making policies for wife abuse was investigated using regression analysis. Individual differences in officers' propensity to arrest abusive husbands were also examined. Thirty-six police officers made responsibility and prescriptive judgments based on simulated police reports describing seven sources of information (“cues”). Regression analyses indicated that victims' extralegal behavior generally was the primary determinant of responsibility assigned to both victims and assailants. However, legal prescriptions were based primarily on legally relevant information. Implications of the obtained judgment policies as well as use of the regression methodology in legal decision-making research are discussed.

Stuart M. Keeley

Papers

Asking the Right Questions : A Guide to Critical Thinking

Operant clinical intervention: Behavior management or beyond? Where are the data?

Police Decision Making in Wife Abuse: The Impact of Legal and Extralegal Factors

Psychodiagnostic training in the academic setting: past and present.

Training parents in behavior modification: Outcome of and problems encountered in a program after Patterson's work