Suby Bhattacharya

Bio: Suby Bhattacharya is an academic researcher from University of Surrey. The author has contributed to research in topics: Offshore wind power & Wind power. The author has an hindex of 10, co-authored 28 publications receiving 509 citations. Previous affiliations of Suby Bhattacharya include University of Bristol.

Closed form solution of Eigen frequency of monopile supported offshore wind turbines in deeper waters incorporating stiffness of substructure and SSI

Abstract: Offshore wind turbines (OWTs) are dynamically loaded structures and therefore the estimation of the natural frequency is an important design calculation to avoid resonance and resonance related effects (such as fatigue). Monopiles are currently the most used foundation type and are also being considered in deeper waters (>30 m) where a stiff transition piece will join the monopile and the tapered tall tower. While rather computationally expensive, high fidelity finite element analysis can be carried to find the Eigen solutions of the whole system considering soil–structure interaction; a quick hand calculation method is often convenient during the design optimisation stage or conceptual design stage. This paper proposes a simplified methodology to obtain the first natural frequency of the whole system using only limited data on the WTG (Wind Turbine Generator), tower dimensions, monopile dimensions and the ground. The most uncertain component is the ground and is characterised by two parameters: type of ground profile (i.e. soil stiffness variation with depth) and the soil stiffness at one monopile depth below mudline. In this framework, the fixed base natural frequency of the wind turbine is first calculated and is then multiplied by two non-dimensional factors to account for the foundation flexibility (i.e. the effect of soil–structure interaction). The theoretical background behind the model is the Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories where the foundation is idealised by three coupled springs (lateral, rocking and cross-coupling). 10 wind turbines founded in different ground conditions from 10 different wind farms in Europe (e.g. Walney, Gunfleet sand, Burbo Bank, Belwind, Barrow, Kentish flat, Blyth, Lely, Thanet Sand, Irene Vorrink) have been analysed and the results compared with the measured natural frequencies. The results show good accuracy (errors below 3.5%). A step by step sample calculation is also shown for practical use of the proposed methodology.

Experimental validation of soil–structure interaction of offshore wind turbines

Abstract: Estimating the natural frequencies of a wind turbine system consisting rotor, nacelle, tower, foundation and surrounding soil is one of the important design considerations. This paper experimentally investigates the behaviour of a model wind turbine supported on a particular type of foundation called a monopile. Monopile is a single large diameter (2.5–4 m) long slender column inserted deep into the ground. This can be thought of as an extension of the wind turbine tower. In particular, the role of soil/foundation in the dynamics of wind turbines has been investigated. Analytical methods are developed incorporating the rotational and translation flexibility of the foundation. Novel experimental techniques have been developed to obtain the parameters necessary for the analytical model. The analytical model is validated using a finite element approach and experimental measurements. In total, results from 17 test cases is reported in the paper. Experimental results show that the natural frequencies and the damping factors of the wind turbine tower change significantly with the type of soil/foundation. Analytical results for the natural frequencies agree reasonably well to the experimental results and finite element results.

Vibrations of wind-turbines considering soil-structure interaction

Abstract: Wind turbine structures are long slender columns with a rotor and blade assembly placed on the top. These slender structures vibrate due to dynamic environmental forces and its own dynamics. Analysis of the dynamic behavior of wind turbines is fundamental to the stability, performance, operation and safety of these systems. In this paper a simplied approach is outlined for free vibration analysis of these long, slender structures taking the soil-structure interaction into account. The analytical method is based on an Euler-Bernoulli beam-column with elastic end supports. The elastic end-supports are considered to model the flexible nature of the interaction of these systems with soil. A closed-form approximate expression has been derived for the first natural frequency of the system. This new expression is a function of geometric and elastic properties of wind turbine tower and properties of the foundation including soil. The proposed simple expression has been independently validated using an exact numerical method, laboratory based experimental measurement and field measurement of a real wind turbine structure. The results obtained in the paper shows that the proposed expression can be used for a quick assessment of the fundamental frequency of a wind turbine taking the soil-structure interaction into account.

An analytical model to predict the natural frequency of offshore wind turbines on three-spring flexible foundations using two different beam models

Abstract: In this study an analytical model of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) supported on flexible foundation is presented to provide a fast and reasonably accurate natural frequency estimation suitable for preliminary design or verification of Finite Element calculations. Previous research modelled the problem using Euler–Bernoulli beam model where the foundation is represented by two springs (lateral and rotational). In contrast, this study improves on previous efforts by incorporating a cross-coupling stiffness thereby modelling the foundation using three springs. Furthermore, this study also derives the natural frequency using Timoshenko beam model by including rotary inertia and shear deformation. The results of the proposed model are also compared with measured values of the natural frequency of four OWTs obtained from the literature. The results show that the Timoshenko beam model does not improve the results significantly and the slender beam assumption may be sufficient. The cross-coupling spring term has a significant effect on the natural frequency therefore needs to be included in the analysis. The model predicts the natural frequency of existing turbines with reasonable accuracy.

A simplified method for unified buckling and free vibration analysis of pile-supported structures in seismically liquefiable soils

Abstract: In seismic-prone zones with liquefiable deposit piles are routinely used to support structures (buildings/bridges). In this paper, a unified buckling and dynamic approach is taken to characterize this vibration. The pile–soil system is modelled as Euler–Bernoulli beam resting against an elastic support with axial load and a pile head mass with rotary inertia. The emphasis here is to obtain a simple expression that can be used by practicing engineers to obtain the fundamental frequency of the structure–pile–soil system. An approximate method based on an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom model has been proposed. Natural frequencies obtained from the exact analytical method are compared with approximate results. Proposed expressions are general as they are functions of non-dimensional parameters. It is shown that this simplified method captures the essential design features such as: (a) the continuous reduction of the first natural frequency of the structure–pile–soil system due to progressive reduction of soil stiffness due to liquefaction; (b) the reduction in the axial load-carrying capacity of the pile due to instability caused by liquefaction. The results derived in this paper have the potential to be directly applied in practice due to their simple yet general nature. An example problem has been taken to demonstrate the application of the method.

Formulas For Natural Frequency And Mode Shape

Abstract: formulas for natural frequency and mode shape is available in our book collection an online access to it is set as public so you can get it instantly. Our book servers hosts in multiple countries, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the formulas for natural frequency and mode shape is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Dynamic soil–structure interaction of monopile supported wind turbines in cohesive soil

Abstract: Offshore wind turbines supported on monopile foundations are dynamically sensitive because the overall natural frequencies of these structures are close to the different forcing frequencies imposed upon them. The structures are designed for an intended life of 25 to 30 years, but little is known about their long term behaviour. To study their long term behaviour, a series of laboratory tests were conducted in which a scaled model wind turbine supported on a monopile in kaolin clay was subjected to between 32,000 and 172,000 cycles of horizontal loading and the changes in natural frequency and damping of the model were monitored. The experimental results are presented using a non-dimensional framework based on an interpretation of the governing mechanics. The change in natural frequency was found to be strongly dependent on the shear strain level in the soil next to the pile. Practical guidance for choosing the diameter of monopile is suggested based on element test results using the concept of volumetric threshold shear strain.

Pile Foundation Analysis And Design

Abstract: Thank you very much for downloading pile foundation analysis and design. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite novels like this pile foundation analysis and design, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of coffee in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some malicious bugs inside their laptop. pile foundation analysis and design is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library spans in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the pile foundation analysis and design is universally compatible with any devices to read.

Design of monopiles for offshore wind turbines in 10 steps

Abstract: A simplified design procedure for foundations of offshore wind turbines is often useful as it can provide the types and sizes of foundation required to carry out financial viability analysis of a project and can also be used for tender design. This paper presents a simplified way of carrying out the design of monopiles based on necessary data (i.e. the least amount of data), namely site characteristics (wind speed at reference height, wind turbulence intensity, water depth, wave height and wave period), turbine characteristics (rated power, rated wind speed, rotor diameter, cut-in and cut-out speed, mass of the rotor-nacelle-assembly) and ground profile (soil stiffness variation with depth and soil stiffness at one diameter depth). Other data that may be required for final detailed design are also discussed. A flowchart of the design process is also presented for visualisation of the rather complex multi-disciplinary analysis. Where possible, validation of the proposed method is carried out based on field data and references/guidance are also drawn from codes of practice and certification bodies. The calculation procedures that are required can be easily carried out either through a series of spreadsheets or simple hand calculations. An example problem emulating the design of foundations for London Array wind farm is taken to demonstrate the proposed calculation procedure. The data used for the calculations are obtained from publicly available sources and the example shows that the simplified method arrives at a similar foundation to the one actually used in the project.