Sujay Ghosh

Abstract: Institutions are essentially broadly agreed norms, rules and routines. They might have arisen out of social conflicts with strong influence of power relations, but they also face the demands of democracy. While studying NGOs as political institutions, particularly in the context of a number of developing countries, this article argues that the political context of their action is determined by their relationship with the donors and social movements. Second, NGOs promote democracy when they redefine participation in terms of their relationship with state and society; and contribute to improve the quality of participation, although with much less success in promoting internal democracy.

Abstract: Marshall's “Citizenship and Social Class”, where he chronicled the development and growth of citizenship in industrialized societies, especially Britain, has been, for several decades, considered a...

Abstract: Background Health conditions, immune dysfunction, and premature aging associated with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome, DS) may impact the clinical course of COVID-19. Methods The T21RS COVID-19 Initiative launched an international survey for clinicians or caregivers on patients with COVID-19 and DS. Data collected between April and October 2020 (N=1046) were analysed and compared with the UK ISARIC4C survey of hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without DS. Findings The mean age of COVID-19 patients with DS in the T21RS survey was 29 years (SD = 18). Similar to the general population, the most frequent signs and symptoms of COVID-19 were fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Joint/muscle pain and vomiting or nausea were less frequent (p Interpretation Leading signs/symptoms of COVID-19 and risk factors for severe disease course are similar to the general population. However, individuals with DS present significantly higher rates of medical complications and mortality, especially from age 40. Funding Down Syndrome Affiliates in Action, DSMIG-USA, GiGi's Playhouse, Jerome Lejeune Foundation, LuMind IDSC Foundation, The Matthew Foundation, NDSS, National Task Group on Intellectual Disabilities and Dementia Practices.

Abstract: Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible association between seven Interleukin (IL) gene polymorphisms and their interaction with the chronic inflammatory oral disease, chronic periodontitis in Indian population. Design A total of 357 study subjects (157 with chronic periodontitis and 200 with healthy control) were genotyped for IL1A -889C/T (rs1800587), IL1B -31C/T (rs1143627), IL1B -511A/G (rs16944), IL1B + 3954C/T (rs1143634), IL2 −330 T/G (rs2069762), IL4 -33C/T (rs2070874), IL6 −597 G/A (rs1800797), IL8 -251A/T (rs4073), IL10 -819C/T (rs1800871), IL10 -592A/C (rs1800872) and IL13 -1111C/T (rs1800925). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical software package SPSS v16. SNPassoc and Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction algorithm v3.0.2. Results We found that the statistically significant association of IL1A-889C/T (rs1800587), IL1B -31C/T (rs1143627), IL1B -511A/G (rs16944) and IL1B + 3954C/T (rs1143634) gene polymorphisms with increased susceptibility of chronic periodontitis. The best gene-gene interaction model was IL1B(-31C/T) X IL1B(+3954C/T) X IL10(-819C/T) with 10/10 cross validation consistency. The variant allele of IL1A, IL1B, IL10 and IL13 were seemed to be linked with chronic periodontitis increased susceptibility. The results of this study also indicate that epidemiological factors especially oral habits also play an important role in the development of chronic periodontitis. Conclusions This study concludes IL1A -889C/T (rs1800587), IL1B -31C/T (rs1143627), IL1B -511A/G (rs16944), IL1B + 3954C/T (rs1143634), IL10 -819C/T (rs1800871), IL10 -592A/C (rs1800872) and IL13 -1111C/T (rs1800925) gene polymorphisms are significantly associated with chronic periodontitis. This work also infers that the best interactive model comprised of IL1B and IL10 polymorphisms cumulatively increase the risk of chronic periodontitis.

Abstract: Background: We have previously demonstrated a relationship between children born with Down syndrome and maternal telomere length. Similarly, exposure to tobacco and oral contraceptives has been explored in one of our earlier studies as a risk factor for Down syndrome. Objective: In the present study, we consider the interactions among these risk factors associated with Down syndrome in a population from Kolkata, India, using analyses stratified by maternal age. Methods: We estimated the telomere length of women with children with Down syndrome by restriction enzyme/Southern blot methods. Linear regression was employed to estimate telomere shortening as an indicator of the maternal age of conception. Interactions among the various factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Result: We found an association between the use of smokeless chewing tobacco and shorter telomere length among women who experienced meiosis I nondisjunction at gametogenesis; the effect is seen across all maternal age groups. In contrast, oral contraceptive use alone did not exhibit a statistically significant association with maternal telomere length, but there was an interaction with the use of smokeless chewing tobacco in the older mothers who experienced meiotic II nondisjunction. Conclusion: Environmental/habitual factors interact with molecular components of the oocyte, which ultimately increases the risk of chromosome 21 nondisjunction and subsequently of giving birth to a child with Down syndrome.

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

Abstract: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous ∼23 nt RNAs that play important gene-regulatory roles in animals and plants by pairing to the mRNAs of protein-coding genes to direct their posttranscriptional repression. This review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.

Abstract: Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater: including bottom sediments and sludges , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Abstract: Serious questions remain about the ability of NGOs to meet long-term transformative goals in their work for development and social justice. We investigate how, given their weak roots in civil society and the rising tide of technocracy that has swept through the world of foreign aid, most NGOs remain poorly placed to influence the real drivers of social change. However we also argue that NGOs can take advantage of their traditional strengths to build bridges between grassroots organizations and local and national-level structures and processes, applying their knowledge of local contexts to strengthen their roles in empowerment and social transformation.