The objective of this paper is to give a comprehensive introduction to applied cryptography with an engineer or computer scientist in mind. The emphasis is on the knowledge needed to create practical systems which supports integrity, confidentiality, or authenticity. Topics covered includes an introduction to the concepts in cryptography, attacks against cryptographic systems, key use and handling, random bit generation, encryption modes, and message authentication codes. Recommendations on algorithms and further reading is given in the end of the paper. This paper should make the reader able to build, understand and evaluate system descriptions and designs based on the cryptographic components described in the paper.

[서평]「Applied Cryptography」

Digital watermarking for relational databases emerged as a candidate so- lution to provide copyright protection, tamper detection, traitor tracing, maintaining integrity of relational data. Many watermarking techniques have been proposed in the literature to address these purposes. In this paper, we survey the current state-of-the- art and we classify them according to their intent, the way they express the watermark, the cover type, the granularity level, and their verifiability.

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Watermarking Techniques for Relational Databases: Survey, Classification and Comparison

We put forward a fragile zero watermarking scheme to detect and characterize malicious modifications made to a database relation. Most of the existing watermarking schemes for relational databases introduce intentional errors or permanent distortions as marks into the database original content. These distortions inevitably degrade the data quality and data usability as the integrity of a relational database is violated. Moreover, these fragile schemes can detect malicious data modifications but do not characterize the tempering attack, that is, the nature of tempering. The proposed fragile scheme is based on zero watermarking approach to detect malicious modifications made to a database relation. In zero watermarking, the watermark is generated (constructed) from the contents of the original data rather than introduction of permanent distortions as marks into the data. As a result, the proposed scheme is distortion-free; thus, it also resolves the inherent conflict between security and imperceptibility. The proposed scheme also characterizes the malicious data modifications to quantify the nature of tempering attacks. Experimental results show that even minor malicious modifications made to a database relation can be detected and characterized successfully.

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A Fragile Zero Watermarking Scheme to Detect and Characterize Malicious Modifications in Database Relations

Ownership protection on relational databases--shared with collaborators (or intended recipients)-demands developing a watermarking scheme that must be able to meet four challenges: 1) it should be robust against different types of attacks that an intruder could launch to corrupt the embedded watermark; 2) it should be able to preserve the knowledge in the databases to make them an effective component of knowledge-aware decision support systems; 3) it should try to strike a balance between the conflicting requirements of database owners, who require soft usability constraints, and database recipients who want tight usability constraints that ensure minimum distortions in the data; and 4) last but not least, it should not require that a database owner defines usability constraints for each type of application and every recipient separately. The major contribution of this paper is a robust and efficient watermarking scheme for relational databases that is able to meet all above-mentioned four challenges. The results of our experiments prove that the proposed scheme achieves 100 percent decoding accuracy even if only one watermarked row is left in the database.

http://ww3.comsats.edu.pk/Faculty/Users/CS/sabah_suhail/TKDEP2.pdf

A Robust, Distortion Minimizing Technique for Watermarking Relational Databases Using Once-for-All Usability Constraints

Nowadays information is crucial in many fields such as medicine, science and business, where databases are used effectively for information sharing. However, the databases face the risk of being pirated, stolen or misused, which may result in a lot of security threats concerning ownership rights, data tampering and privacy protection. Watermarking is utilized to enforce ownership rights on shared relational databases. Many reversible watermarking methods are proposed recently to protect rights of owners along with recovering original data. Most state-of-the-art methods modify the original data to a large extent, result in data quality degradation, and cannot achieve good balance between robustness against malicious attacks and data recovery. In this paper, we propose a robust and reversible database watermarking technique, Genetic Algorithm and Histogram Shifting Watermarking (GAHSW), for numerical relational database. The genetic algorithm is used to select the best secret key for grouping database, where the watermarking can be embedded with balanced distortion and capacity. The histogram of the prediction error is shifted to embed the watermark with good robustness. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of GAHSW and show that it outperforms state-of-the-art approaches in terms of robustness against malicious attacks and preservation of data quality.

A New Robust Approach for Reversible Database Watermarking with Distortion Control

In this paper we introduce a distortion free invisible watermarking technique for relational databases. The main idea is to build the watermark after partitioning tuples with actual attribute values. Then, we build hash functions on top of this grouping and get a watermark as a permutation of tuples in the original table. As the ordering of tuples does not affect the original database, this technique is distortion free. Our contribution can be seen as an application to relational databases of software watermarking ideas developed within the Abstract Interpretation framework.

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A distortion free watermark framework for relational databases

In this paper we introduce a distortion free watermarking technique for relational databases based on the Abstract Interpretation framework. The watermarking technique is partition based. The partitioning can be seen as a virtual grouping, which does not change neither the value of the table's elements nor their physical positions. Instead of inserting the watermark directly to the database partition, we treat it as an abstract representation of that concrete partition, such that any change in the concrete domain reflects in its abstract counterpart. The main idea is to generate a binary image of the partition as a watermark of that partition, that serves as ownership proof as well as tamper detection.

/pdf/a-generic-distortion-free-watermarking-technique-for-1odk1unttj.pdf

A Generic Distortion Free Watermarking Technique for Relational Databases

In this paper we introduce a distortion free watermarking technique that strengthen the verification of integrity of the relational databases by using a public zero distortion authentication mechanism based on the Abstract Interpretation framework. The watermarking technique is partition based. The partitioning can be seen as a virtual grouping, which does not change neither the value of the table’s elements nor their physical positions. Instead of inserting the watermark directly to the database partition, we treat it as an abstract representation of that concrete partition, such that any change in the concrete domain reflects in its abstract counterpart. The main idea is to generate a gray scale image of the partition as a watermark of that partition, that serves as tamper detection procedure, followed by employing a public zero distortion authentication mechanism to verify the ownership.

/pdf/database-authentication-by-distortion-free-watermarking-8mmvna4zym.pdf

Database Authentication by Distortion-Free Watermarking

In this paper we introduce a distortion free watermarking technique that strengthen the verification of integrity of the relational databases by using a public zero distortion authentication mechanism based on the Abstract Interpretation framework.

/pdf/distortion-free-authentication-watermarking-3cu75a9pvs.pdf

Sukriti Bhattacharya

Papers

A distortion free watermark framework for relational databases

A Generic Distortion Free Watermarking Technique for Relational Databases

Database Authentication by Distortion-Free Watermarking

Distortion-Free Authentication Watermarking.

A Framework for Property-driven Program Slicing