Sushil Kumar

Bio: Sushil Kumar is an academic researcher from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad. The author has contributed to research in topics: Extraction (chemistry) & Aqueous solution. The author has an hindex of 16, co-authored 83 publications receiving 848 citations. Previous affiliations of Sushil Kumar include Central Queensland University & Birla Institute of Technology and Science.

Status of the Reactive Extraction as a Method of Separation

Abstract: The prospective function of a novel energy efficient fermentation technology has been getting great attention in the past fifty years due to the quick raise in petroleum costs. Fermentation chemicals are still limited in the modern market in huge part because of trouble in recovery of carboxylic acids. Therefore, it is needed considerable development in the current recovery technology. Carboxylic acids have been used as the majority of fermentation chemicals. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review on the reactive extraction of carboxylic acids from fermentation broths. This paper principally focuses on reactive extraction that is found to be a capable option to the proper recovery methods.

Intensification of Nicotinic Acid Separation using Organophosphorous Solvating Extractants by Reactive Extraction

Abstract: Nicotinic acid (3-pyridine carboxylic acid) is widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and biochemical industries. Compared to chemical methods, enzymatic conversion of 3-cyanopyridine is an advantageous alternative for the production of nicotinic acid. This study is aimed to intensify the recovery of nicotinic acid using reactive extraction with organophosphorus solvating extractants such as tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). The distribution of nicotinic acid between water and phosphorus-based solvents dissolved in various diluents and the comparison of extraction efficiency with pure diluents are studied at isothermal conditions. Pure diluents are not found to be good extracting agents and the maximum distribution coefficient (K D ) obtained with 1-octanol is 0.31. Experimental studies are carried out to investigate the effect of diluent, initial acid concentration, extractant type, and extractant composition on the degree of extraction. The maximum recovery of nicotinic acid is obtained by dissolving TOPO in MIBK at an initial nicotinic acid concentration of 0.10 kmol/m 3 . Solvation numbers and extraction equilibrium are also estimated with both TBP and TOPO.

Reactive Extraction of Glycolic Acid Using Tri-n-Butyl Phosphate and Tri-n-Octylamine in Six Different Diluents: Experimental Data and Theoretical Predictions

Abstract: The present study deals with the equilibrium reactive extraction of glycolic acid from aqueous solution by two different extractants [tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) and tri-n-octylamine (TOA)] at constant concentration of 0.573 kmol·m−3 dissolving in a wide range of diluents [n-hexane, decane-1-ol, n-hexane + decane-1-ol (1:1 v/v), 4-methylpentan-2-one (MIBK), benzene, and dichloromethane (DCM)] at isothermal conditions (298 ± 1 K). The effects of various parameters such as acid concentration (0.10−0.57 kmol·m−3), extractant type, and type of diluent on the recovery of glycolic acid from aqueous solution are derived. The values of equilibrium constants (KE), number of reacting acid molecules (m) per extractant molecule, and also the equilibrium constants (K11 and K21) for individual complexes between acid and extractant are estimated through the proposed mathematical model. Further, the experimental values of the distribution coefficients (KD) are correlated using the linear solvation energy relationship (LS...

Process Intensification for Separation of Carboxylic Acids from Fermentation Broths using Reactive Extraction

Abstract: The potential role of a new energy efficient fermentation technology has been receiving growing attention in past 4 decades. Carboxylic acids such as propionic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, itaconic acid, butyric acid and nicotinic acid etc. have been used as the most efficient fermentation chemicals. This paper presents a state-of-art review on the development of the separation techniques for carboxylic acids from fermentation broths. This paper mainly focuses on reactive extraction that is found to be a promising alternative to the conventional recovery processes in terms of intensifying

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Abstract: There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Recent advances in differential evolution – An updated survey

Abstract: Differential Evolution (DE) is arguably one of the most powerful and versatile evolutionary optimizers for the continuous parameter spaces in recent times. Almost 5 years have passed since the first comprehensive survey article was published on DE by Das and Suganthan in 2011. Several developments have been reported on various aspects of the algorithm in these 5 years and the research on and with DE have now reached an impressive state. Considering the huge progress of research with DE and its applications in diverse domains of science and technology, we find that it is a high time to provide a critical review of the latest literatures published and also to point out some important future avenues of research. The purpose of this paper is to summarize and organize the information on these current developments on DE. Beginning with a comprehensive foundation of the basic DE family of algorithms, we proceed through the recent proposals on parameter adaptation of DE, DE-based single-objective global optimizers, DE adopted for various optimization scenarios including constrained, large-scale, multi-objective, multi-modal and dynamic optimization, hybridization of DE with other optimizers, and also the multi-faceted literature on applications of DE. The paper also presents a dozen of interesting open problems and future research issues on DE.

Dewatering of microalgal cultures : a major bottleneck to algae-based fuels

Abstract: Microalgae dewatering is a major obstruction to industrial-scale processing of microalgae for biofuel prodn. The dil. nature of harvested microalgal cultures creates a huge operational cost during dewatering, thereby, rendering algae-based fuels less economically attractive. Currently there is no superior method of dewatering microalgae. A technique that may result in a greater algal biomass may have drawbacks such as a high capital cost or high energy consumption. The choice of which harvesting technique to apply will depend on the species of microalgae and the final product desired. Algal properties such as a large cell size and the capability of the microalgae to autoflocculate can simplify the dewatering process. This article reviews and addresses the various technologies currently used for dewatering microalgal cultures along with a comparative study of the performances of the different technologies.

From lignocellulosic biomass to levulinic acid: A review on acid-catalyzed hydrolysis

Abstract: Catalytic conversion of renewable biomass to “green” chemicals and fuel additives has been extensively investigated in the past few decades. Interests on two top platform intermediates for biofuel production, i.e. levulinic acid (LA) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), have increased significantly. These two chemicals are generally produced from biomass through acid hydrolysis. This review summarizes the discoveries of the most recent studies on acid-catalyzed hydrolysis, including (i) biomass pretreatment, (ii) glucose production from cellulose hydrolysis, (iii) fructose formation from glucose isomerization, (iv) HMF formation from glucose/fructose dehydration and (v) LA production from HMF rehydration. Humins, the main byproducts, are also discussed in the aspect of their influence on the hydrolysis process, structure, formation mechanism, and applications.