There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

国際生活機能分類(International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health: ICF)にみた福祉・保健・医療の専門職協働における連携に関する貢献と課題

Much has been written about theory and practice in the law, and the tension between practitioners and theorists. Judges do not cite theoretical articles often; they rarely "apply" theories to particular cases. These arguments are not revisited. Instead the Essay explores the working and interaction of theory and practice, practitioners and theorists. The Essay starts with a story about solving a legal issue using our intellectual tools - theory, practice, and their progenies: experience and "gut." Next the Essay elaborates on the nature of theory, practice, experience and "gut." The third part of the Essay discusses theories that are helpful to practitioners and those that are less helpful. The Essay concludes that practitioners theorize, and theorists practice. They use these intellectual tools differently because the goals and orientations of theorists and practitioners, and the constraints under which they act, differ. Theory, practice, experience and "gut" help us think, remember, decide and create. They complement each other like the two sides of the same coin: distinct but inseparable.

Of Theory and Practice

▶ Addresses the accessibility, usability, and, ultimately, acceptability of Information Society Technologies by anyone, anywhere, at anytime, and through any media and device. ▶ Focuses on theoretical, methodological, and empirical research, of both technological and non-technological nature. ▶ Features papers that report on theories, methods, tools, empirical results, reviews, case studies, and best-practice examples.

Universal access in the information society

This paper provides overview and instruction regarding the evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems with users The primary goal of this article is to catalog and compile material related to this topic into a single source This article (1) provides historical background on the development of user-centered approaches to the evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems; (2) describes the major components of interactive information retrieval system evaluation; (3) describes different experimental designs and sampling strategies; (4) presents core instruments and data collection techniques and measures; (5) explains basic data analysis techniques; and (4) reviews and discusses previous studies This article also discusses validity and reliability issues with respect to both measures and methods, presents background information on research ethics and discusses some ethical issues which are specific to studies of interactive information retrieval (IIR) Finally, this article concludes with a discussion of outstanding challenges and future research directions

https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/DownloadSummary/INR-012

Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users

Current approaches to accessible computing share a common goal of making technology accessible to users with disabilities. Perhaps because of this goal, they may also share a tendency to centralize disability rather than ability. We present a refinement to these approaches called ability-based design that consists of focusing on ability throughout the design process in an effort to create systems that leverage the full range of human potential. Just as user-centered design shifted the focus of interactive system design from systems to users, ability-based design attempts to shift the focus of accessible design from disability to ability. Although prior approaches to accessible computing may consider users’ abilities to some extent, ability-based design makes ability its central focus. We offer seven ability-based design principles and describe the projects that inspired their formulation. We also present a research agenda for ability-based design.

https://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/taccess-11.pdf

Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples

Given time and location information about digital photographs we can automatically generate an abundance of related contextual metadata, using off-the-shelf and Web-based data sources. Among these are the local daylight status and weather conditions at the time and place a photo was taken. This metadata has the potential of serving as memory cues and filters when browsing photo collections, especially as these collections grow into the tens of thousands and span dozens of years.We describe the contextual metadata that we automatically assemble for a photograph, given time and location, as well as a browser interface that utilizes that metadata. We then present the results of a user study and a survey that together expose which categories of contextual metadata are most useful for recalling and finding photographs. We identify among still unavailable metadata categories those that are most promising to develop next.

http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/660/1/2004-43.pdf

Context data in geo-referenced digital photo collections

We present a novel method of dynamic C-D gain adaptation that improves target acquisition for users with motor impairments. Our method, called the Angle Mouse, adjusts the mouse C-D gain based on the deviation of angles sampled during movement. When angular deviation is low, the gain is kept high. When angular deviation is high, the gain is dropped, making the target bigger in motor-space. A key feature of the Angle Mouse is that, unlike most pointing facilitation techniques, it is target-agnostic, requiring no knowledge of target locations or dimensions. This means that the problem of distractor targets is avoided because adaptation is based solely on the user's behavior. In a study of 16 people, 8 of which had motor impairments, we found that the Angle Mouse improved motor-impaired pointing throughput by 10.3% over the Windows default mouse and 11.0% over sticky icons. For able-bodied users, there was no significant difference among the three techniques, as Angle Mouse throughput was within 1.2% of the default. Thus, the Angle Mouse improved pointing performance for users with motor impairments while remaining unobtrusive for able-bodied users.

https://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/chi-09.01.pdf

The angle mouse: target-agnostic dynamic gain adjustment based on angular deviation

For decades, Fitts' law (1954) has been used to model pointing time in user interfaces. As with any rapid motor act, faster pointing movements result in increased errors. But although prior work has examined accuracy as the "spread of hits," no work has formulated a predictive model for error rates (0-100%) based on Fitts' law parameters. We show that Fitts' law mathematically implies a predictive error rate model, which we derive. We then describe an experiment in which target size, target distance, and movement time are manipulated. Our results show a strong model fit: a regression analysis of observed vs. predicted error rates yields a correlation of R2=.959 for N=90 points. Furthermore, we show that the effect on error rate of target size (W) is greater than that of target distance (A), indicating a departure from Fitts' law, which maintains that W and A contribute proportionally to index of difficulty (ID). Our error model can be used with Fitts' law to estimate and predict error rates along with speeds, providing a framework for unifying this dichotomy.

/pdf/an-error-model-for-pointing-based-on-fitts-law-3bkm7koca6.pdf

An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law

We present VoiceDraw, a voice-driven drawing application for people with motor impairments that provides a way to generate free-form drawings without needing manual interaction. VoiceDraw was designed and built to investigate the potential of the human voice as a modality to bring fluid, continuous direct manipulation interaction to users who lack the use of their hands. VoiceDraw also allows us to study the issues surrounding the design of a user interface optimized for non-speech voice-based interaction. We describe the features of the VoiceDraw application, our design process, including our user-centered design sessions with a 'voice painter', and offer lessons learned that could inform future voice-based design efforts. In particular, we offer insights for mapping human voice to continuous control.

https://faculty.washington.edu/wobbrock/pubs/assets-07.03.pdf

Susumu Harada

Papers

Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples

Context data in geo-referenced digital photo collections

The angle mouse: target-agnostic dynamic gain adjustment based on angular deviation

An error model for pointing based on Fitts' law

Voicedraw: a hands-free voice-driven drawing application for people with motor impairments