Author
Susumu Yamaguchi
Bio: Susumu Yamaguchi is an academic researcher from University of Tokyo. The author has contributed to research in topics: Social Axioms Survey & Cultural diversity. The author has an hindex of 16, co-authored 31 publications receiving 4036 citations.
Topics: Social Axioms Survey, Cultural diversity, Self, Dialectic, Psychology
Papers
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University of Maryland, College Park1, Queen's University2, Cornell University3, University of Minnesota4, Nanyang Technological University5, McKinsey & Company6, Koç University7, Jacobs University Bremen8, University of Minho9, The Chinese University of Hong Kong10, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad11, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru12, University of Valencia13, Johannes Kepler University of Linz14, Victoria University of Wellington15, Hungarian Academy of Sciences16, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens17, La Trobe University18, University of Melbourne19, Sungkyunkwan University20, ESSEC Business School21, University of San Diego22, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven23, University of Patras24, Human Sciences Research Council25, ODESSA26, University of Tartu27, Norwegian School of Economics28, University of Koblenz and Landau29, University of Sussex30, University of Sindh31, Gakushuin University32, University of Groningen33, University of Tokyo34
TL;DR: The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories and advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
Abstract: With data from 33 nations, we illustrate the differences between cultures that are tight (have many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) versus loose (have weak social norms and a high tolerance of deviant behavior). Tightness-looseness is part of a complex, loosely integrated multilevel system that comprises distal ecological and historical threats (e.g., high population density, resource scarcity, a history of territorial conflict, and disease and environmental threats), broad versus narrow socialization in societal institutions (e.g., autocracy, media regulations), the strength of everyday recurring situations, and micro-level psychological affordances (e.g., prevention self-guides, high regulatory strength, need for structure). This research advances knowledge that can foster cross-cultural understanding in a world of increasing global interdependence and has implications for modeling cultural change.
1,895 citations
TL;DR: A study of self-construal involving 5 cultures shows that differences between these cultures are captured mostly by the extent to which people see themselves as acting as independent agents, whereas gender differences are best summarized by the whether people regard themselves as emotionally related to others.
Abstract: Individualism and collectivism are often equated with independent vs. interdependent, agentic vs. communal, and separate vs. relational self-construals. Although these same concepts have been used to characterize both cultural and gender differences, a perspective of cultural evolution suggests it is unlikely. A division of labor within society may produce gender differences, but this cannot explain cultural differences. A study of self-construal involving 5 cultures (Australia, the United States, Hawaii, Japan, and Korea) shows that differences between these cultures are captured mostly by the extent to which people see themselves as acting as independent agents, whereas gender differences are best summarized by the extent to which people regard themselves as emotionally related to others.
766 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report two studies that examined whether pancultural dimensions based on general beliefs, or social axioms, can be identified in persons from five cultures in Hong Kong and Venezuela.
Abstract: To broaden our conceptual framework for understanding cultural differences, the present article reports two studies that examined whether pancultural dimensions based on general beliefs, or social axioms, can be identified in persons from five cultures. A Social Axioms Survey was constructed, based on both previous psychological research primarily in Europe and North America on beliefs and qualitative research conducted in Hong Kong and Venezuela. Factor analyses of these beliefs from student as well as adult samples revealed a pancultural, five-factor structure, with dimensions labeled as: cynicism, social complexity, reward for application, spirituality, and fate control. In the second study, this five-factor structure, with the possible exception of fate control, was replicated with college students from Japan, the United States, and Germany. The potential implications of a universal, five-factor structure of individual social beliefs were discussed, along with the relation of this structure to indigen...
517 citations
The Chinese University of Hong Kong1, City University of Hong Kong2, University of Macau3, Simón Bolívar University4, University of Tokyo5, University of Osnabrück6, California State University, Chico7, University of Vienna8, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven9, University of Alberta10, University of Guelph11, Chinese Academy of Sciences12, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic13, Charles University in Prague14, Pedagogical University15, Åbo Akademi University16, University of Lyon17, Tbilisi State University18, International University, Cambodia19, Hong Kong Polytechnic University20, Hungarian Academy of Sciences21, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens22, University of Delhi23, Indian Statistical Institute24, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad25, Padjadjaran University26, University of Haifa27, University of Padua28, Seowon University29, University of Latvia30, American University of Beirut31, Universiti Sains Malaysia32, Universiti Malaysia Sabah33, Tilburg University34, Victoria University of Wellington35, University of Lagos36, University of Bergen37, University of Peshawar38, University of the Philippines39, University of Porto40, University of Minho41, Russian Academy of Sciences42, University of Cape Town43, Autonomous University of Madrid44, National Taiwan University45, Assumption University46, Boğaziçi University47, University College London48, University of Greenwich49
TL;DR: Leung et al. as mentioned in this paper revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups across 41 nations and revealed the culture level factor structure and its correlates across 41 cultures.
Abstract: Leung and colleagues have revealed a five-dimensional structure of social axioms across individuals from five cultural groups. The present research was designed to reveal the culture level factor structure of social axioms and its correlates across 41 nations. An ecological factor analysis on the 60 items of the Social Axioms Survey extracted two factors: Dynamic Externality correlates with value measures tapping collectivism, hierarchy, and conservatism and with national indices indicative of lower social development. Societal Cynicism is less strongly and broadly correlated with previous values measures or other national indices and seems to define a novel cultural syndrome. Its national correlates suggest that it taps the cognitive component of a cultural constellation labeled maleficence, a cultural syndrome associated with a general mistrust of social systems and other people. Discussion focused on the meaning of these national level factors of beliefs and on their relationships with individual level factors of belief derived from the same data set.
443 citations
TL;DR: Psychometric findings across diverse cultural context attest to the robustness of the P Scale and to positivity as a basic disposition.
Abstract: Five studies document the validity of a new 8-item scale designed to measure positivity, defined as the tendency to view life and experiences with a positive outlook. In the first study (N 372), the psychometric properties of Positivity Scale (P Scale) were examined in accordance with classical test theory using a large number of college participants. In Study 2, the unidimensionality of the P Scale was corroborated with confirmatory factor analysis in 2 independent samples (N1 322; N2 457). In Study 3, P Scale invariance across sexes and its relations with self-esteem, life satisfaction, optimism, positive negative affect, depression, and the Big Five provided further evidence of the internal and construct validity of the new measure in a large community sample (N 3,589). In Study 4, test–retest reliability of the P Scale was found in a sample of college students (N 262) who were readministered the scale after 5 weeks. In Study 5, measurement invariance and construct validity of P Scale were further supported across samples in different countries and cultures, including Italy (N 689), the United States (N 1,187), Japan (N 281), and Spain (N 302). Psychometric findings across diverse cultural context attest to the robustness of the P Scale and to positivity as a basic disposition.
239 citations
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28 Jul 2005
TL;DR: PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、树突状组胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作�ly.
Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。
18,940 citations
TL;DR: European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others, and among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivist.
Abstract: Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.
5,113 citations
New York University1, University of Chicago2, Mackenzie Presbyterian University3, Middlesex University4, University of Kent5, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń6, Harvard University7, Yale University8, Stanford University9, Northwestern University10, University of Sussex11, Utrecht University12, University of California, San Diego13, University of Maryland, College Park14, McGovern Institute for Brain Research15, University of Queensland16, University of Michigan17, California Institute of Technology18, Lehigh University19, University of Regina20, University of Oregon21, Ohio State University22, Massachusetts Institute of Technology23, University of St Andrews24, University of Cambridge25, University of British Columbia26, University of Illinois at Chicago27, University of California, Berkeley28, Carleton University29, VU University Amsterdam30, Cornell University31
TL;DR: Evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics is discussed, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic represents a massive global health crisis. Because the crisis requires large-scale behaviour change and places significant psychological burdens on individuals, insights from the social and behavioural sciences can be used to help align human behaviour with the recommendations of epidemiologists and public health experts. Here we discuss evidence from a selection of research topics relevant to pandemics, including work on navigating threats, social and cultural influences on behaviour, science communication, moral decision-making, leadership, and stress and coping. In each section, we note the nature and quality of prior research, including uncertainty and unsettled issues. We identify several insights for effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight important gaps researchers should move quickly to fill in the coming weeks and months.
3,223 citations