T Ino

Bio: T Ino is an academic researcher. The author has contributed to research in topics: Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus & Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The author has an hindex of 1, co-authored 1 publications receiving 1971 citations.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility.

Abstract: (MRSA) with reduced suscept-ibility to vancomycin (MIC 8 mg/L). The strain was isolated from a surgical wound infection which was refrac -tory to vancomycin therapy.In May 1996, a 4 month-old male infant underwent heartsurgery for pulmonary atresia. Two weeks followingsurgery, the infant became febrile and developed a purulent discharge from the sternal surgical incision site;culture of the purulent material yielded MRSA. The patientwas treated with vancomycin (45 mg/kg daily) for 29 days,but fever and discharge of pus continued, and the C-reactive protein (CRP) remained elevated (40 mg/L). Thetreatment was changed to a combination of vancomycin andarbekacin (an aminoglycoside approved for MRSA infec-tion in Japan). After 12 days of this regimen, the purulentdischarge subsided, the wound began to heal, and the CRPdeclined from 40 to 9 mg/L. The antimicrobial therapy wasdiscontinued. However, 12 days later the surgical siteappeared inflamed with the development of a subcutaneousabscess accompanied by a sudden onset of fever and a raised CRP level of 35 mg/L. Therapy was resumed with the com -bination of arbekacin and ampicillin/sulbactam which hasbeen shown to have synergic activity against MRSA.

Staphylococcus aureus infections.

Abstract: Micrococcus, which, when limited in its extent and activity, causes acute suppurative inflammation (phlegmon), produces, when more extensive and intense in its action on the human system, the most virulent forms of septicaemia and pyaemia.1 In an elegant series of clinical observations and laboratory studies published in 1880 and 1882, Ogston described staphylococcal disease and its role in sepsis and abscess formation.1,2 More than 100 years later, Staphylococcus aureus remains a versatile and dangerous pathogen in humans. The frequencies of both community-acquired and hospital-acquired staphylococcal infections have increased steadily, with little change in overall mortality. Treatment of these infections . . .

Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract: A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed for Staphylococcus aureus. The sequences of internal fragments of seven housekeeping genes were obtained for 155 S. aureus isolates from patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired invasive disease in the Oxford, United Kingdom, area. Fifty-three different allelic profiles were identified, and 17 of these were represented by at least two isolates. The MLST scheme was highly discriminatory and was validated by showing that pairs of isolates with the same allelic profile produced very similar SmaI restriction fragment patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All 22 isolates with the most prevalent allelic profile were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates and had allelic profiles identical to that of a reference strain of the epidemic MRSA clone 16 (EMRSA-16). Four MRSA isolates that were identical in allelic profile to the other major epidemic MRSA clone prevalent in British hospitals (clone EMRSA-15) were also identified. The majority of isolates (81%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, and seven MSSA clones included five or more isolates. Three of the MSSA clones included at least five isolates from patients with community-acquired invasive disease and may represent virulent clones with an increased ability to cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. The most prevalent MSSA clone (17 isolates) was very closely related to EMRSA-16, and the success of the latter clone at causing disease in hospitals may be due to its emergence from a virulent MSSA clone that was already a major cause of invasive disease in both the community and hospital settings. MLST provides an unambiguous method for assigning MRSA and MSSA isolates to known clones or assigning them as novel clones via the Internet.

Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically : Approved standard

Abstract: Susceptibility testing is indicated for any organism that contributes to an infectious process warranting antimicrobial chemotherapy, if its susceptibility cannot be reliably predicted from knowledge of the organism’s identity. Susceptibility tests are most often indicated when the causative organism is thought to belong to a species capable of exhibiting resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents. A variety of laboratory methods can be used to measure the in vitro susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial agents. This document describes standard broth dilution (macrodilution and microdilution [the microdilution method described in M07 is the same methodology outlined in ISO 20776-1]) and agar dilution techniques, and it includes a series of procedures to standardize the way the tests are performed. The performance, applications, and limitations of the current CLSI-recommended methods are also described. The supplemental information (M100 tables) presented with this standard represents the most current information for drug selection, interpretation, and quality control using the procedures standardized in M07. These tables, as in previous years, have been updated and should replace tables published in earlier years. Changes in the tables since the previous edition (M100-S18) appear in boldface type and are also summarized in the front of the document. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard—Eighth Edition. CLSI document M07-A8 (ISBN 1-56238-689-1). Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087-1898 USA, 2009. The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute consensus process, which is the mechanism for moving a document through two or more levels of review by the health care community, is an ongoing process. Users should expect revised editions of any given document. Because rapid changes in technology may affect the procedures, methods, and protocols in a standard or guideline, users should replace outdated editions with the current editions of CLSI/NCCLS documents. Current editions are listed in the CLSI catalog and posted on our website at www.clsi.org. If your organization is not a member and would like to become one, and to request a copy of the catalog, contact us at: Telephone: 610.688.0100; Fax: 610.688.0700; E-Mail: customerservice@clsi.org; Website: www.clsi.org Product Name: Infobase 2010 Release Date: February 2010 This document is protected by international copyright laws.

The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of hospital-acquired infections that are becoming increasingly difficult to combat because of emerging resistance to all current antibiotic classes. The evolutionary origins of MRSA are poorly understood, no rational nomenclature exists, and there is no consensus on the number of major MRSA clones or the relatedness of clones described from different countries. We resolve all of these issues and provide a more thorough and precise analysis of the evolution of MRSA clones than has previously been possible. Using multilocus sequence typing and an algorithm, burst, we analyzed an international collection of 912 MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates. We identified 11 major MRSA clones within five groups of related genotypes. The putative ancestral genotype of each group and the most parsimonious patterns of descent of isolates from each ancestor were inferred by using burst, which, together with analysis of the methicillin resistance genes, established the likely evolutionary origins of each major MRSA clone, the genotype of the original MRSA clone and its MSSA progenitor, and the extent of acquisition and horizontal movement of the methicillin resistance genes. Major MRSA clones have arisen repeatedly from successful epidemic MSSA strains, and isolates with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin, the antibiotic of last resort, are arising from some of these major MRSA clones, highlighting a depressing progression of increasing drug resistance within a small number of ecologically successful S. aureus genotypes.