1 Front Matter 2 Executive Summary 3 Part I: Introduction to Reading 4 1. Introduction 5 2. The Process of Learning to Read 6 Part II: Who Are We Talking About? 7 3. Who Has Reading Difficulties? 8 4. Predictors of Success and Failure in Reading 9 Part III: Prevention and Intervention 10 5. Preventing Reading Difficulties Before Kindergarten 11 6. Instructional Strategies for Kindergarten and the Primary Grades 12 7. Organizational Strategies for Kindergarten and the Primary Grades 13 8. Helping Children with Reading Difficulties in Grades 1 to 3 14 Part IV: Knowledge into Action 15 9. The Agents of Change 16 10. Recommendations for Practice and Research 17 References 18 Biographical Sketches 19 Index

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Preventing reading difficulties in young children

In response to Anastasi's (1958) long-standing challenge, the authors propose an empirically testable theoretical model that (a) goes beyond and qualifies the established behavioral genetics paradigm by allowing for nonadditive synergistic effects, direct measures of the environment, and mechanisms of organism-environment interaction, called proximal processes, through which genotypes are transformed into phenotypes; (b) hypothesizes that estimates of heritability (e.g., h2) increase markedly with the magnitude of proximal processes; (c) demonstrates that heritability measures the proportion of variation in individual differences attributable only to actualized genetic potential, with the degree of nonactualized potential remaining unknown; (d) proposes that, by enhancing proximal processes and environments, it is possible to increase the extent of actualized genetic potentials for developmental competence.

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Nature-nuture reconceptualized in developmental perspective: A bioecological model.

How to explain the surprising finding that more education did not lead to faster economic growth? Cross-national data on economic growth rates show that increases in educational capital resulting from improvements in the educational attainment of the labor force have had no positive impact on the growth rate of output per worker. In fact, contends Pritchett, the estimated impact of growth of human capital on conventional nonregression growth accounting measures of total factor productivity is large, strongly significant, and negative. Needless to say, this at least appears to contradict the current conventional wisdom in development circles about education's importance for growth. After establishing that this negative result about the education-growth linkage is robust, credible, and consistent with previous literature, Pritchett explores three possible explanations that reconcile the abundant evidence about wage gains from schooling for individuals with the lack of schooling impact on aggregate growth: - That schooling creates no human capital. Schooling may not actually raise cognitive skills or productivity but schooling may nevertheless raise the private wage because to employers it signals a positive characteristic like ambition or innate ability. - That the marginal returns to education are falling rapidly where demand for educated labor is stagnant. Expanding the supply of educated labor where there is stagnant demand for it causes the rate of return to education to fall rapidly, particularly where the sluggish demand is due to limited adoption of innovations. - That the institutional environments in many countries have been sufficiently perverse that the human capital accumulated has been applied to activities that served to reduce economic growth. In other words, possibly education does raise productivity, and there is demand for this more productive educated labor, but demand for educated labor comes from individually remunerative but socially wasteful or counterproductive activities - a bloated bureaucracy, for example, or overmanned state enterprises in countries where the government is the employer of last resort - so that while individuals' wages go up with education, output stagnates, or even falls. This paper - a product of the Poverty and Human Resources Division, Policy Research Department - is part of a larger effort in the department to investigate the determinants of economic growth.

Where Has All the Education Gone

Part One: The Historical and Intellectual Foundations of School Effectiveness Research 1.An Introduction to School Effectiveness Research 2.Current Topics and Approaches in School Effectiveness Research: The Contemporary Field Part Two: The Knowledge Base of School Effectiveness Research 3.The Methodology and Scientific Properties of School Effectiveness Research 4.The Processes of School Effectiveness 5.Context Issues within School Effectiveness Research Part Three: The Cutting Edge Issues of School Effectiveness Research 6.Some Methodological Issues in School Effectiveness Research 7.School Effectiveness and School Improvement 8.School Effectiveness: The International Dimension 9.School Effectiveness and Education Indicators 10.Theory Development in School Effectiveness Part Four: The Future of School Effectiveness Research 11. School Effectiveness Research and the Social and Behavioural Sciences 12.The Future Agenda for School Effectiveness Research

The International Handbook of School Effectiveness Research

Currently, considerable debate focuses on whether mind is located in the head or in the individual-in-social-action, and whether development is cognitive self-organization or enculturation into established practices. In this article, I question assumptions that initiate this apparent forced choice between constructivist and sociocultural perspectives. I contend that the two perspectives are complementary. Also, claims that either perspective captures the essence of people and communities should be rejected for pragmatic justifications that consider the contextual relevance and usefulness of a perspective. I argue that the sociocultural perspective informs theories of the conditions far the possibility of learning, whereas theories developed from the constructivist perspective focus on what students learn and the processes by which they do so.

Where Is the Mind? Constructivist and Sociocultural Perspectives on Mathematical Development

Over 1,200 entries, structured alphabetically, organized thematically around the following 22 major educational themes. Adult Education. Anthropology. Comparative and International Education. Curriculum. Economics of Education. Educational Administration. Educational Evaluation. Educational Research, Methodology, and Measurement. Educational Technology. Girls and Women in Education. History and Historiography of Education. Human Development. Instructional Psychology. Philosophy of Education. Policy and Planning. Preschool Education. Sociology of Education. Special Needs Education. Systems of Education. Teaching. Teacher Education. Vocational Education and Training.

The International Encyclopedia of Education

The International encyclopedia of education research and studies

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Effective Schools in Reading: Implications for Educational Planners. An Exploratory Study.

The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education

Aims, organization and sampling the contexts of science education science achievement the attitude and descriptive measures opportunity and achievement - what they tell us about curriculum teachers - teaching loads, grades taught and subjects taught the science curriculum and achievement influences on student achievement summary of results.

T. Neville Postlethwaite

Papers

The International Encyclopedia of Education

The International encyclopedia of education research and studies

Effective Schools in Reading: Implications for Educational Planners. An Exploratory Study.

The Encyclopedia of Comparative Education and National Systems of Education

Science achievement in twenty three countries