This article examines the adequacy of the “rules of thumb” conventional cutoff criteria and several new alternatives for various fit indexes used to evaluate model fit in practice. Using a 2‐index presentation strategy, which includes using the maximum likelihood (ML)‐based standardized root mean squared residual (SRMR) and supplementing it with either Tucker‐Lewis Index (TLI), Bollen's (1989) Fit Index (BL89), Relative Noncentrality Index (RNI), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Gamma Hat, McDonald's Centrality Index (Mc), or root mean squared error of approximation (RMSEA), various combinations of cutoff values from selected ranges of cutoff criteria for the ML‐based SRMR and a given supplemental fit index were used to calculate rejection rates for various types of true‐population and misspecified models; that is, models with misspecified factor covariance(s) and models with misspecified factor loading(s). The results suggest that, for the ML method, a cutoff value close to .95 for TLI, BL89, CFI, RNI, and G...

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis : Conventional criteria versus new alternatives

The history of the development of statistical hypothesis testing in time series analysis is reviewed briefly and it is pointed out that the hypothesis testing procedure is not adequately defined as the procedure for statistical model identification. The classical maximum likelihood estimation procedure is reviewed and a new estimate minimum information theoretical criterion (AIC) estimate (MAICE) which is designed for the purpose of statistical identification is introduced. When there are several competing models the MAICE is defined by the model and the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters which give the minimum of AIC defined by AIC = (-2)log-(maximum likelihood) + 2(number of independently adjusted parameters within the model). MAICE provides a versatile procedure for statistical model identification which is free from the ambiguities inherent in the application of conventional hypothesis testing procedure. The practical utility of MAICE in time series analysis is demonstrated with some numerical examples.

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A new look at the statistical model identification

The second edition of this acclaimed graduate text provides a unified treatment of two methods used in contemporary econometric research, cross section and data panel methods. By focusing on assumptions that can be given behavioral content, the book maintains an appropriate level of rigor while emphasizing intuitive thinking. The analysis covers both linear and nonlinear models, including models with dynamics and/or individual heterogeneity. In addition to general estimation frameworks (particular methods of moments and maximum likelihood), specific linear and nonlinear methods are covered in detail, including probit and logit models and their multivariate, Tobit models, models for count data, censored and missing data schemes, causal (or treatment) effects, and duration analysis. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data was the first graduate econometrics text to focus on microeconomic data structures, allowing assumptions to be separated into population and sampling assumptions. This second edition has been substantially updated and revised. Improvements include a broader class of models for missing data problems; more detailed treatment of cluster problems, an important topic for empirical researchers; expanded discussion of "generalized instrumental variables" (GIV) estimation; new coverage (based on the author's own recent research) of inverse probability weighting; a more complete framework for estimating treatment effects with panel data, and a firmly established link between econometric approaches to nonlinear panel data and the "generalized estimating equation" literature popular in statistics and other fields. New attention is given to explaining when particular econometric methods can be applied; the goal is not only to tell readers what does work, but why certain "obvious" procedures do not. The numerous included exercises, both theoretical and computer-based, allow the reader to extend methods covered in the text and discover new insights.

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Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data

This paper presents specification tests that are applicable after estimating a dynamic model from panel data by the generalized method of moments (GMM), and studies the practical performance of these procedures using both generated and real data. Our GMM estimator optimally exploits all the linear moment restrictions that follow from the assumption of no serial correlation in the errors, in an equation which contains individual effects, lagged dependent variables and no strictly exogenous variables. We propose a test of serial correlation based on the GMM residuals and compare this with Sargan tests of over-identifying restrictions and Hausman specification tests.

http://people.stern.nyu.edu/wgreene/Econometrics/Arellano-Bond.pdf

Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Employment Equations.

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to Design CHAPTER 2: Principles of Estimation and Inference: Means and Variance CHAPTER 3: Design and Analysis of Single-Factor Experiments: Completely Randomized Design CHAPTER 4: Single-Factor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 5: Design and Analysis of Factorial Experiments: Completely-Randomized Design CHAPTER 6: Factorial Experiments: Computational Procedures and Numerical Example CHAPTER 7: Multifactor Experiments Having Repeated Measures on the Same Element CHAPTER 8: Factorial Experiments in which Some of the Interactions are Confounded CHAPTER 9: Latin Squares and Related Designs CHAPTER 10: Analysis of Covariance

Statistical Principles in Experimental Design

The problem considered is the use of a set of measurements on an individual to decide from which of several populations he has been drawn. It is assumed that in each population there is a probability distribution of the measurements. Principles for choosing the rule of classification are based on costs of misclassification. Optimum procedures are derived in general terms. If the measurements are normally distributed, the procedures use one discriminant function in the case of two populations and several discriminant functions in the cases of more populations. The numerical example given involves three normal populations.

Classification by multivariate analysis

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Statistical inference in elliptically contoured and related distributions

Three types of asymptotic $\chi^2$ goodness-of-fit tests derived under the normal assumption have been used widely in factor analysis. Asymptotic behavior of the test statistics is investigated here for the factor analysis model with linearly or nonlinearly restricted factor loadings under weak assumptions on the factor vector and the error vector. In particular the limiting $\chi^2$ result for the three tests is shown to hold for the factor vector, either fixed or random with any distribution having finite second-order moments, and for the error vector with any distribution having finite second-order moments, provided that the components of the error vector are independent, not just uncorrelated. As special cases the result holds for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis models and for certain nonnormal structural equation (LISREL) models.

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Asymptotic Chi-Square Tests for a Large Class of Factor Analysis Models

Studies in econometrics, time series, and multivariate statistics

The non-central Wishart distribution is the joint distribution of the sums of squares and cross-products of the deviations from the sample means when the observations arise from a set of normal multivariate populations with constant covariance matrix but expected values that vary from observation to observation. The characteristic function for this distribution is obtained from the distribution of the observations (Theorem 1). By using the characteristic functions it is shown that the convolution of several non-central Wishart distributions is another non-central Wishart distribution (Theorem 2). A simple integral representation of the distribution in the general case is given (Theorem 3). The integrand is a function of the roots of a determinantal equation involving the matrix of sums of squares and cross-products of deviations of observations and the matrix of sums of squares and cross-products of deviations of corresponding expected values. The knowledge of the non-central Wishart distribution is applied to two general problems of multivariate normal statistics. The moments of the generalized variance, which is the determinant of sums of squares and cross-products multiplied by a constant, are given for the cases of the expected values of the variates lying on a line (Theorem 4) and lying on a plane (Theorem 5). The likelihood ratio criterion for testing linear hypotheses can be expressed as the ratio of two determinants or as a symmetric function of the roots of a determinantal equation. In either case there is involved a matrix having a Wishart distribution and another matrix independently distributed such that the sum of these two matrices has a non-central Wishart distribution. When the null hypothesis is not true the moments of this criterion are given in the non-central planar case (Theorem 6).

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T. W. Anderson

Papers

Classification by multivariate analysis

Statistical inference in elliptically contoured and related distributions

Asymptotic Chi-Square Tests for a Large Class of Factor Analysis Models

Studies in econometrics, time series, and multivariate statistics

The Non-Central Wishart Distribution and Certain Problems of Multivariate Statistics