Basics of Holography is a general introduction to the subject written by a leading worker in the field It begins with the theory of holographic imaging, the characteristics of the reconstructed image, and the various types of holograms Practical aspects of holography are then described, including light sources, the characteristics of recording media and recording materials, as well as methods for producing different types of holograms and computer-generated holograms Finally, important applications of holography are discussed, such as high-resolution imaging, holographic optical elements, information processing, and holographic interferometry The book includes comprehensive reference sections and appendices summarizing some useful mathematical results Numerical problems with their solutions are provided at the ends of chapters This is an invaluable resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students as well as researchers in science and engineering who would like to learn more about holography and its applications in science and industry

Basics of Holography

A novel approach to time-lapse interferometry and contouring is introduced that uses television rather than photographic techniques. A first interferogram is stored on a video storage device such as a magnetic disk. After a change in the stress of the object, a second interferogram is electronically compared to the stored pattern to form a signal representative of the fringe pattern caused by the deformation. This signal may be directly displayed on a cathode-ray tube or employed by some automatic inspection device.

Time-lapse interferometry and contouring using television systems.

Modern measurement techniques in surface metrology: part II; optical instruments

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the nature of the speckle pattern and defines some of its basic characteristics. The speckle effect in optics is the generation of a random intensity pattern formed when coherent light is scattered by a rough surface or is diffused by a medium containing scattering centers. The chapter concentrates on the instrumental aspects of speckle interferometry and their applications rather than a detailed theoretical treatment. It is seen that a considerable degree of ingenuity has had to be employed to overcome the inherent difficulties that occur when interference takes place among randomly distributed phase fields rather than among smoothly varying ones. Although the aim of the research is to develop techniques useful to the engineer, developments are also being made in the use of speckle patterns for information processing, where the pattern is employed as an optical carrier.

IV Speckle Interferometry

Holographic interferometry is a very powerful technique for the measurement of small deformations and displacements of opaque solid objects. Unfortunately, the quantitative interpretation of the fringe patterns is somewhat involved, and the large number of papers published on this subject in the past 10 years has caused considerable confusion. This review paper is an attempt to rationalize the field by classifying the many different interpretation schemes into four main techniques, and by offering guidelines for the choice of technique for different applications.

The interpretation of holographic interferograms

This paper describes the double exposure holographic formation of a contour map over a diffusely reflecting or transmitting of arbitrary shape and surface finish by using an immersion method with media of different indices of refraction between successive exposure. A wavelength λ effectively contributing to the fringe contour is given by λ0/Δn where λ0 is the wavelength of the laser and Δn is the index variation. Index variations were introduced by pressure difference in Freon to give λ=600 µ and 200 µ, and by the combination of two liquids to give 14 µ and 25 µ, thus extending the change of height corresponding to each fringe contour continuously up to one thousand times greater than with the optical Fizeau fringes. A correcting plate of a Schmidt camera in the grinding process was used as a test object and its figuring error were analyzed.

Holographic Generation of Contour Map of Diffusely Reflecting Surface by Using Immersion Method

An apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of both modulation and phase transfer functions of photographic objectives is described. The instrument is essentially a very stable shearing interferometer having variable amount of shear. As to its main features, (i) it enables one to determine lateral aberrations visualy: (ii) its spatial frequency starts from zero continuously up to several tens of lines per mm: (iii) it enables one to measure the phase transfer functions accurately: (iv) it is simple in construction and easy to adjust. Some results of experiments on off-axis images are presented, which show a good agreement with calculated ones.

Tadao Tsuruta

Papers

Holographic Generation of Contour Map of Diffusely Reflecting Surface by Using Immersion Method

A Polarizing Shearing Interferometer for Evaluating Photographic Optics