A scheme is developed for classifying the types of motion perceived by a humanlike robot. It is assumed that the robot receives visual images of the scene using a perspective system model. Equations, theorems, concepts, clues, etc., relating the objects, their positions, and their motion to their images on the focal plane are presented. >

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel2/815/3148/00100651.pdf

Robot vision

This paper presents a new reflectance model for rendering computer synthesized images. The model accounts for the relative brightness of different materials and light sources in the same scene. It describes the directional distribution of the reflected light and a color shift that occurs as the reflectance changes with incidence angle. The paper presents a method for obtaining the spectral energy distribution of the light reflected from an object made of a specific real material and discusses a procedure for accurately reproducing the color associated with the spectral energy distribution. The model is applied to the simulation of a metal and a plastic.

A reflectance model for computer graphics

A lithographic apparatus configured to project a patterned beam of radiation onto a target portion of a substrate is disclosed. The apparatus includes a first radiation dose detector and a second radiation dose detector, each detector comprising a secondary electron emission surface configured to receive a radiation flux and to emit secondary electrons due to the receipt of the radiation flux, the first radiation dose detector located upstream with respect to the second radiation dose detector viewed with respect to a direction of radiation transmission, and a meter, connected to each detector, to detect a current or voltage resulting from the secondary electron emission from the respective electron emission surface.

Lithographic apparatus, and device manufacturing method

An extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus has a magnetic field generator which generates a magnetic field region around a direction of the magnetic field passing through a plasma region in which a plasma is to be generated and converges charged particles including ion emitted from the plasma region toward the direction of the magnetic field, a first charged particle collector (receiver) mounted at both sides of an axis of the magnetic field in the magnetic field region in order to collect (receive) the charged particles converged by the magnetic field, a target supply unit supplying a target from a nozzle located outside a converging region in which the charged particles are to be converged inside the magnetic field region in an extreme ultraviolet light generating chamber, and a target collector located at a position opposite to the nozzle, the target retrieval portion retrieving a residual target which does not contribute to generation of the plasma.

Extreme ultraviolet light source apparatus

Thanks to some technical progress in interferencefilter design based on different technologies, we can finally successfully implement the concept of multispectral filter array-based sensors. This article provides the relevant state-of-the-art for multispectral imaging systems and presents the characteristics of the elements of our multispectral sensor as a case study. The spectral characteristics are based on two different spatial arrangements that distribute eight different bandpass filters in the visible and near-infrared area of the spectrum. We demonstrate that the system is viable and evaluate its performance through sensor spectral simulation.

Multispectral Filter Arrays: Recent Advances and Practical Implementation

Accurately estimating the spectral reflectance of art paintings from low-dimensional multichannel images requires that both image-acquisition hardware with appropriate spectral characteristics and appropriate estimation software be applied to the captured multichannel image. In this study, a system that incorporates both factors is designed and developed on the basis of the minimum-mean-square error criterion. The accuracy of spectral estimation by use of this system is evaluated, and the system's high performance is demonstrated.

System design for accurately estimating the spectral reflectance of art paintings

A differential pumping system includes a first chamber for storing a light source that emits pulsed light, a first exhaust unit for exhausting said first chamber, a second chamber being connectible to the first chamber to receive the pulsed light, a second exhaust unit for exhausting said second chamber, and a connection control mechanism between the first and second chambers for connecting the first chamber to the second chamber when the pulsed light emits, and for disconnecting the first chamber from the second chamber when the pulsed light does not emit.

Differential pumping system and exposure apparatus

A new technique is proposed to improve the way of selecting samples used to estimate spectral reflectance from sensor responses in multi-band images. This technique limits the samples of reflectance spectra based on the spectral reflectance estimated by the conventional estimation method, and estimates it again using the limited samples. Vector angle and distance among reflectance spectra as the criteria for the limitation can be applied to improve the estimation of reflectance spectra.

http://www.mi.tj.chiba-u.jp/~tsumura/Tsumura/papers/OptRev99_sampleLimitation.pdf

Limitation of Color Samples for Spectral Estimation from Sensor Responses in Fine Art Painting

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of cooling an optical component with which an optical component is cooled efficiently and adequately without influence on exposure of external disturbances such as vibrations, deterioration of position stability, degradation of surface geometry, or the like; circuit patterns are precisely exposed and transferred onto a wafer, resulting in reduction of the fraction defective of the wafers; and high-performance wafers are manufactured. SOLUTION: This method of cooling an optical component is a cooling method for cooling a reflecting mirror 3a that is irradiated by an EUV light 2e. When the exposure is not practiced, a heat reservoir 26, which is composed of ethanol 27 filled in a prescribed closed chamber 26a for cooling the reflecting mirror 3a, is cooled, and when the exposure is practiced, the heat reservoir 26 is not cooled. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Method of cooling optical component, cooling device, exposure apparatus, and method of manufacturing device

We propose a method for surface reconstruction of artist paintings. In order to reproduce the appearance of a painting, including color, surface texture, and glossiness, it is essential to acquire the pixel-wise light reflection property and orientation of the surface and render an image under an arbitrary lighting condition. A photometric approach is used to estimate bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (BRDFs) and surface normals from a set of images photographed by a fixed camera with sparsely distributed point light sources. A robust and computationally less expensive nonlinear optimization algorithm is proposed that optimizes the small number of parameters to simultaneously determine all of the specular BRDF, diffuse albedo, and surface normal. The proposed method can be applied to moderately glossy surfaces without separating captured images into diffuse and specular reflections beforehand. Experiments were conducted using oil paintings with different surface glossiness. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by comparing captured and rendered images.

Takayuki Hasegawa

Papers

System design for accurately estimating the spectral reflectance of art paintings

Differential pumping system and exposure apparatus

Limitation of Color Samples for Spectral Estimation from Sensor Responses in Fine Art Painting

Method of cooling optical component, cooling device, exposure apparatus, and method of manufacturing device

Photometric approach to surface reconstruction of artist paintings