Terry L. Erwin

Bio: Terry L. Erwin is an academic researcher from National Museum of Natural History. The author has contributed to research in topics: Genus & Species richness. The author has an hindex of 44, co-authored 163 publications receiving 12539 citations. Previous affiliations of Terry L. Erwin include American Museum of Natural History & Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute.

Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest.

Abstract: Amazon forests are a key but poorly understood component of the global carbon cycle. If, as anticipated, they dry this century, they might accelerate climate change through carbon losses and changed surface energy balances. We used records from multiple long-term monitoring plots across Amazonia to assess forest responses to the intense 2005 drought, a possible analog of future events. Affected forest lost biomass, reversing a large long-term carbon sink, with the greatest impacts observed where the dry season was unusually intense. Relative to pre-2005 conditions, forest subjected to a 100-millimeter increase in water deficit lost 5.3 megagrams of aboveground biomass of carbon per hectare. The drought had a total biomass carbon impact of 1.2 to 1.6 petagrams (1.2 × 1015 to 1.6 × 1015 grams). Amazon forests therefore appear vulnerable to increasing moisture stress, with the potential for large carbon losses to exert feedback on climate change.

Tropical forests: their richness in coleoptera and other arthropod species

Abstract: Extrapolation from data about canopy insects collected by fogging methods together with estimates of tropical plant host specificity indicate that one hectare of unrich seasonal forest in Panama may have in excess of 41,000 species of arthropods. Further extrapolation of available data based on known relative richness of insect Orders and canopy richness leads to the conclusion that current estimates of Arthropod species numbers are grossly underestimated; that there could be as many as 30 million species extant globally, not 1.5 million a, usually estimated. Since the early days of naturalists, there has been the question of how many species there were in the forests of the tropics. Bates (1892) wrote of collecting more than 700 species of butterflies within an hour's walk of his home in Para, Brazil. Many have guessed that the arthropod fauna of the world today contains between 1.5 to 10 million species. No hard data are available however, and these estimates are less than reliable and as a result misleading. In a recent paper, Erwin and Scott (1980) provided the first hard data with regard to the Coleoptera fauna of a single species of tree in the tropical seasonal forest of Panama. Also recently, Peter Raven of the Missouri Botanical Gardens wrote me with the same inquiry that Bates had pondered-"How many species are there in one acre of rich tropical forest?" With the hard data available from the Panama study, I set out to give as close an estimate as possible and was shocked by my conclusions. The tropical tree Luehea seemannii is a medium-sized seasonal forest evergreen tree with open canopy, large and wide-spaced leaves. The trees sampled (n = 19) had few epiphytes or lianas generally, certainly not the epiphytic load normally thought of as being rich. These 19 trees over a three season sampling regime produced 955+ species of beetles, excluding weevils. In other samples now being processed from Brazil, there are as many weevils as leaf-beetles, usually more, so I added 206 (weevils) to the Luehea count and rounded to 1,200 for convenience. There can be as many as 245 species of trees in one hectare of rich forest in the tropics, often some of these in the same genus. Usually there are between 40 to 100 species and/or genera, so I used 70 as an average number of genus-group trees where host-specificity might play a role with regard to arthropods. No data are available with which to judge the proportion of host-specific arthropods per trophic group anywhere, let alone the tropics. So conservatively, I allowed 20% of the Luehea herbivorous beetles to be host-specific (i.e., must use this tree species in some way for successful reproduction), 5% of the predators (i.e., are tied to one or more of the hostspecific herbivores), 10% of the fungivores (i.e., are tied to fungus associated only with this tree), and 5% of the scavengers (i.e., are associated in some way with only the tree or with the other three trophic groups) (Table 1).

Terrestrial Arthropod Assemblages: Their Use in Conservation Planning

Abstract: Arthropods, the most diverse component of terrestrial ecosystems, occupy a tremendous variety of functional niches and microhabitats across a wide array of spatial and temporal scales. We propose that conservation biologists should take advantage of terrestrial arthropod diversity as a rich data source for conservation planning and management. For reserve selection and design, documentation of the microgeography of selected arthropod taxa can delineate distinct biogeographic zones, areas of endemism, community types, and centers of evolutionary radiation to improve the spatial resolution of conservation planning. For management of natural areas, monitoring of terrestrial arthropod indicators can provide early warnings of ecological changes, and can be used to assay the effects of further fragmentation on natural areas that no longer support vertebrate indicator species. Many arthropod indicators respond to environmental changes more rapidly than do vertebrate indicators, which may exhibit population responses that do not become evident until too late for proactive management. Not all arthropod taxa are equally effective as indicators for conservation planning, and the qualities of indicators can differ for purposes of inventory versus monitoring. Assemblages of arthropod taxa used as biogeographic probes in inventories should exhibit relatively high species diversity, high endemism, and encompass the geographic range of interest. For monitoring purposes, indicator assemblages should exhibit varying sensitivity to environmental perturbations and a diversity of life-history and ecological preferences. Resumen: Los artropodos, el componente mas diverso de los ecosistemas terrestres, ocupa una tremenda variedad de nichos funcionales y microhabitats a lo largo de una amplio espectro de escalas espaciales y temporales. Nosotros proponemos que los biologos de conservacion deberian aprovechar la diversidad de los atropodos terrestres como una rica fuente para el planeamiento y manejo conservacionista. La documentacion de la microgeografia de ciertos taxones de artropodos puede delinear zonas biogeograficas precisas, areas de endemismo, tipos de comunidades, y centros de radiacion evolutiva para mejorar la resolucion espacial en el planeamiento conservacionista destinado a la seleccion y diseno de reservas. En cuanto al manejo de areas naturales, el monitoreo de artropodos terrestres puede proveer de avisos tempranos sobre cambios ecologicos y puede ser usado para investigar los efectos de la fragmentacion subsecuente de areas naturales que ya no mantienen especies de vertebrados indicadoras. Muchos artropodos indicadores responden a los cambios hambientales mas rapidamente que vertebrados indicadores, los cuales pueden exhibir respuestas poblacionales que solo se hacen evidentes cuando ya es muy tarde para el manejo proteccionista. No todos los taxones de artropodos son igualmente efectivos como indicadores para el planeamiento conservacionista, y las calidades de los indicadores pueden variar dependiendo si su uso es con fines de inventario o de monitoreo. Las asociaciones de artropodos usados como sondas en inventarios deberian exhibir diversidades especificas relativamente altas, alto endemismo y deberian abarcar el rango geografico de interes. Si son usados con propositos de monitoreo, las asociaciones de indicadores deberian exhibir diferentes sensibilidades a las perturbaciones ambientales, y diversidad en cuanto a historias de vida y preferencias ecologicas.

Long-term decline of the Amazon carbon sink

Abstract: Atmospheric carbon dioxide records indicate that the land surface has acted as a strong global carbon sink over recent decades, with a substantial fraction of this sink probably located in the tropics, particularly in the Amazon. Nevertheless, it is unclear how the terrestrial carbon sink will evolve as climate and atmospheric composition continue to change. Here we analyse the historical evolution of the biomass dynamics of the Amazon rainforest over three decades using a distributed network of 321 plots. While this analysis confirms that Amazon forests have acted as a long-term net biomass sink, we find a long-term decreasing trend of carbon accumulation. Rates of net increase in above-ground biomass declined by one-third during the past decade compared to the 1990s. This is a consequence of growth rate increases levelling off recently, while biomass mortality persistently increased throughout, leading to a shortening of carbon residence times. Potential drivers for the mortality increase include greater climate variability, and feedbacks of faster growth on mortality, resulting in shortened tree longevity. The observed decline of the Amazon sink diverges markedly from the recent increase in terrestrial carbon uptake at the global scale, and is contrary to expectations based on models.

Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass

Abstract: Uncertainty in biomass estimates is one of the greatest limitations to models of carbon flux in tropical forests. Previous comparisons of field-based estimates of the aboveground biomass (AGB) of trees greater than 10cm diameter within Amazonia have been limited by the paucity of data for western Amazon forests, and the use of site-specific methods to estimate biomass from inventory data. In addition, the role of regional variation in stand-level wood specific gravity has not previously been considered. Using data from 56 mature forest plots across Amazonia, we consider the relative roles of species composition (wood specific gravity) and forest structure (basal area) in determining variation in AGB. Mean stand-level wood specific gravity, on a per stem basis, is 15.8% higher in forests in central and eastern, compared with northwestern Amazonia. This pattern is due to the higher diversity and abundance of taxa with high specific gravity values in central and eastern Amazonia, and the greater diversity and abundance of taxa with low specific gravity values in western Amazonia. For two estimates of AGB derived using different allometric equations, basal area explains 51.7% and 63.4%, and stand-level specific gravity 45.4% and 29.7%, of the total variation in AGB. The variation in specific gravity is important because it determines the regional scale, spatial pattern of AGB. When weighting by specific gravity is included, central and eastern Amazon forests have significantly higher AGB than stands in northwest or southwest Amazonia. The regional-scale pattern of species composition therefore defines a broad gradient of AGB across Amazonia.

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Abstract: 抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

Species assemblages and indicator species:the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach

Abstract: This paper presents a new and simple method to find indicator species and species assemblages characterizing groups of sites The novelty of our approach lies in the way we combine a species relative abundance with its relative frequency of occurrence in the various groups of sites This index is maximum when all individuals of a species are found in a single group of sites and when the species occurs in all sites of that group; it is a symmetric indicator The statistical significance of the species indicator values is evaluated using a randomization procedure Contrary to TWINSPAN, our indicator index for a given species is independent of the other species relative abundances, and there is no need to use pseudospecies The new method identifies indicator species for typologies of species releves obtained by any hierarchical or nonhierarchical classification procedure; its use is independent of the classification method Because indicator species give ecological meaning to groups of sites, this method provides criteria to compare typologies, to identify where to stop dividing clusters into subsets, and to point out the main levels in a hierarchical classification of sites Species can be grouped on the basis of their indicator values for each clustering level, the heterogeneous nature of species assemblages observed in any one site being well preserved Such assemblages are usually a mixture of eurytopic (higher level) and stenotopic species (characteristic of lower level clusters) The species assemblage approach demonstrates the importance of the ''sampled patch size,'' ie, the diversity of sampled ecological combinations, when we compare the frequencies of core and satellite species A new way to present species-site tables, accounting for the hierarchical relationships among species, is proposed A large data set of carabid beetle distributions in open habitats of Belgium is used as a case study to illustrate the new method

Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness

Abstract: Species richness is a fundamental measurement of community and regional diversity, and it underlies many ecological models and conservation strategies. In spite of its importance, ecologists have not always appreciated the effects of abundance and sampling effort on richness measures and comparisons. We survey a series of common pitfalls in quantifying and comparing taxon richness. These pitfalls can be largely avoided by using accumulation and rarefaction curves, which may be based on either individuals or samples. These taxon sampling curves contain the basic information for valid richness comparisons, including category‐subcategory ratios (species-to-genus and species-toindividual ratios). Rarefaction methods ‐ both sample-based and individual-based ‐ allow for meaningful standardization and comparison of datasets. Standardizing data sets by area or sampling effort may produce very different results compared to standardizing by number of individuals collected, and it is not always clear which measure of diversity is more appropriate. Asymptotic richness estimators provide lower-bound estimates for taxon-rich groups such as tropical arthropods, in which observed richness rarely reaches an asymptote, despite intensive sampling. Recent examples of diversity studies of tropical trees, stream invertebrates, and herbaceous plants emphasize the importance of carefully quantifying species richness using taxon sampling curves.