Author
Tetjana Ross
Other affiliations: Dalhousie University, University of Victoria
Bio: Tetjana Ross is an academic researcher from Fisheries and Oceans Canada. The author has contributed to research in topics: Water column & Scattering. The author has an hindex of 14, co-authored 36 publications receiving 717 citations. Previous affiliations of Tetjana Ross include Dalhousie University & University of Victoria.
Topics: Water column, Scattering, Oceanography, Pycnocline, Climate change
Papers
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University of Alaska Fairbanks1, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen2, Los Alamos National Laboratory3, Oregon State University4, Dalhousie University5, California Institute of Technology6, Fisheries and Oceans Canada7, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory8, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences9, Yale University10, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution11, University of Wisconsin-Madison12
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the present understanding of how heat reaches the ice base from the original sources, and speculates on how such processes may change in the new Arctic.
Abstract: The loss of Arctic sea ice has emerged as a leading signal of global warming. This, together with acknowledged impacts on other components of the Earth system, has led to the term “the new Arctic.” Global coupled climate models predict that ice loss will continue through the twenty-first century, with implications for governance, economics, security, and global weather. A wide range in model projections reflects the complex, highly coupled interactions between the polar atmosphere, ocean, and cryosphere, including teleconnections to lower latitudes. This paper summarizes our present understanding of how heat reaches the ice base from the original sources—inflows of Atlantic and Pacific Water, river discharge, and summer sensible heat and shortwave radiative fluxes at the ocean/ice surface—and speculates on how such processes may change in the new Arctic. The complexity of the coupled Arctic system, and the logistic and technological challenges of working in the Arctic Ocean, require a coordinated ...
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a wealth of studies using water column multibeam data to address questions in fisheries, marine mammal and zooplankton research as well as seeps and hydrothermal vents.
Abstract: Multibeam echosounder systems (MBES) have long provided bathymetric data with high temporal and spatial resolution. In the last couple of decades, MBES observations of scattering in the water column have been finding increasing use in oceanographic studies. Here we review the wealth of studies using water column multibeam data to address questions in fisheries, marine mammal and zooplankton research as well as seeps and hydrothermal vents. We also summarize some of the tantalizing new oceanographic applications of water column MBES, such as kelp ecosystems, near surface bubbles, suspended sediment, mixing and internal waves, as well as the proper determination of the extent of shipwreck above the sea floor. We highlight the many advantages of using water column MBES and discuss the challenges.
102 citations
University of Washington1, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution2, IFREMER3, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology4, Scripps Institution of Oceanography5, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory6, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services7, British Oceanographic Data Centre8, Bedford Institute of Oceanography9, University of New South Wales10, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory11, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research12, University of Paris13, Altran14, PSL Research University15, National Institute of Oceanography, India16, Tohoku University17, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology18, University of Tokyo19, Japan Meteorological Agency20, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation21, University of Tasmania22, Met Office23, National Oceanography Centre24, British Geological Survey25, Fisheries and Oceans Canada26, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources27, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute28
TL;DR: The history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered, is described in this article.
Abstract: In the past two decades, the Argo Program has collected, processed and distributed over two million vertical profiles of temperature and salinity from the upper two kilometers of the global ocean. A similar number of subsurface velocity observations near 1000 dbar have also been collected. This paper recounts the history of the global Argo Program, from its aspiration arising out of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, to the development and implementation of its instrumentation and telecommunication systems, and the various technical problems encountered. We describe the Argo data system and its quality control procedures, and the gradual changes in the vertical resolution and spatial coverage of Argo data from 1999 to 2019. The accuracies of the float data have been assessed by comparison with high-quality shipboard measurements, and are concluded to be 0.002°C for temperature, 2.4 dbar for pressure, and 0.01 PSS-78 for salinity, after delayed-mode adjustments. Finally, the challenges faced by the vision of an expanding Argo Program beyond 2020 are discussed.
90 citations
Centre national de la recherche scientifique1, Memorial University of Newfoundland2, University of California, San Diego3, Rutgers University4, University of Cyprus5, University of Washington6, University of Western Australia7, World Meteorological Organization8, Finnish Meteorological Institute9, Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands10, Oregon State University11, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution12, University of Bergen13, University of Perpignan14, British Antarctic Survey15, Jet Propulsion Laboratory16, United States Naval Research Laboratory17, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University18, Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences19, Dalhousie University20, Texas A&M University21, University of Georgia22, National Oceanography Centre23, Hebrew University of Jerusalem24, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration25, Fisheries and Oceans Canada26, Massachusetts Institute of Technology27, Scottish Association for Marine Science28, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute29, University of Tokyo30, National Taiwan University31, University of Victoria32, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research33, Institut de recherche pour le développement34, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez35, Superior National School of Advanced Techniques36, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research37, Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland38, Hobart Corporation39, Ensenada Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education40, Korea University41, NATO42, Royal Dutch Shell43, University of New South Wales44, Spanish National Research Council45, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation46, University of Gothenburg47, California Institute of Technology48, University of British Columbia49, University of the Virgin Islands50
TL;DR: OceanGliders as mentioned in this paper is an active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity, which brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications.
Abstract: The OceanGliders program started in 2016 to support active coordination and enhancement of global glider activity. OceanGliders contributes to the international efforts of the Global Ocean Observation System (GOOS) for Climate, Ocean Health and Operational Services. It brings together marine scientists and engineers operating gliders around the world: (1) to observe the long-term physical, biogeochemical, and biological ocean processes and phenomena that are relevant for societal applications; and, (2) to contribute to the GOOS through real-time and delayed mode data dissemination. The OceanGliders program is distributed across national and regional observing systems and significantly contributes to integrated, multi-scale and multi-platform sampling strategies. OceanGliders shares best practices, requirements, and scientific knowledge needed for glider operations, data collection and analysis. It also monitors global glider activity and supports the dissemination of glider data through regional and global databases, in real-time and delayed modes, facilitating data access to the wider community. OceanGliders currently supports national, regional and global initiatives to maintian and expand the capabilities and application of gliders to meet key global challenges such as improved measurement of ocean boundary currents, water transformation and storm forecast.
83 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the first near coincident measurements of acoustic backscatter and temperature/velocity microstructure confirm theoretical predictions that oceanic turbulence scatters sound at an acoustic frequency of 307 kHz.
Abstract: [1] The first near coincident measurements of acoustic backscatter and temperature/velocity microstructure confirm theoretical predictions that oceanic turbulence scatters sound. Not only are acoustic backscatter at 307 kHz and turbulent microstructure unambiguously correlated on a patch-by-patch basis, but measured scattering amplitudes agree with theoretical predictions for scattering from turbulent microstructure. Nearby plankton net-hauls indicate that there were far too few zooplankton in the turbulent regions to account for the scattering intensity. At an acoustic frequency of 307 kHz, backscatter from salinity microstructure can be as strong as - or stronger than - the signal from a zooplankton scattering layer. There are two important consequences of these strong scattering results. First, they suggest the feasibility of using acoustics to remotely sense oceanic turbulence. Second, they could easily confound acoustic zooplankton biomass estimates in turbulent regions.
54 citations
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TL;DR: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols used xiii 1.
Abstract: Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201
14,171 citations
TL;DR: The accuracy of several algorithms was determined and the best performing methods were implemented in a user-friendly open-source tool for performing DPIV flow analysis in Matlab.
Abstract: Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) is a non-intrusive analysis technique that is very popular for mapping flows quantitatively. To get accurate results, in particular in complex flow fields, a number of challenges have to be faced and solved: The quality of the flow measurements is affected by computational details such as image pre-conditioning, sub-pixel peak estimators, data validation procedures, interpolation algorithms and smoothing methods. The accuracy of several algorithms was determined and the best performing methods were implemented in a user-friendly open-source tool for performing DPIV flow analysis in Matlab.
1,783 citations
University of Alaska Fairbanks1, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory2, Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute3, Fisheries and Oceans Canada4, Polish Academy of Sciences5, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research6, University of Bremen7, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution8, California Institute of Technology9, Norwegian Polar Institute10
TL;DR: It is shown that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of the intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian basin.
Abstract: Arctic sea-ice loss is a leading indicator of climate change and can be attributed, in large part, to atmospheric forcing. Here, we show that recent ice reductions, weakening of the halocline, and shoaling of the intermediate-depth Atlantic Water layer in the eastern Eurasian Basin have increased winter ventilation in the ocean interior, making this region structurally similar to that of the western Eurasian Basin. The associated enhanced release of oceanic heat has reduced winter sea-ice formation at a rate now comparable to losses from atmospheric thermodynamic forcing, thus explaining the recent reduction in sea-ice cover in the eastern Eurasian Basin. This encroaching "atlantification" of the Eurasian Basin represents an essential step toward a new Arctic climate state, with a substantially greater role for Atlantic inflows.
520 citations
TL;DR: Sensitivity of global ocean biogeochemical dynamics to ecosystem structure in a future climate and model methods for Marine Science are described.
Abstract: Marine Carbon BiogeochemistryBiogeochemical Cycles and ClimateGlobal Biogeochemical Cycles in the Climate SystemOcean Dynamics and the Carbon CycleLive Long and EvolveBiogeochemistry of Marine Dissolved Organic MatterOcean Biogeochemical DynamicsMarine Ecosystems and Global ChangeBiological OceanographyNitrogen in the SeaBiogeochemistry of EstuariesInteractions of C, N, P and S Biogeochemical Cycles and Global ChangeGlobal EnvironmentComputational Science — ICCS 2004The Oceans and ClimateMarine Microbiome and Biogeochemical Cycles in Marine Productive AreasMetal Ions in Biological Systems, Volume 43 Biogeochemical Cycles of ElementsNitrogen in the Marine EnvironmentIntroduction to Marine BiogeochemistryOcean Circulation and ClimatePrimary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the SeaThe Biogeochemical Cycle of Silicon in the OceanChemical OceanographyTowards a Model of Ocean Biogeochemical ProcessesOcean Dynamics and the Carbon CycleOcean BiogeochemistryParticle Analysis in OceanographyBiogeochemical CyclesBiogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal InterfacesThe Ocean Carbon Cycle and ClimateSensitivity of global ocean biogeochemical dynamics to ecosystem structure in a future climateModeling Methods for Marine ScienceAn Introduction to the Chemistry of the SeaEncyclopedia of Ocean SciencesCO2 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, IsotopesThe Biogeochemical Cycle of Silicon in the OceanKuroshio CurrentThe Mediterranean Sea in the Era of Global Change 1Ocean Biogeochemical DynamicsOcean Mixing
472 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the link between changing sea-ice import and this Arctic warming hotspot, and showed that a sharp increase in ocean temperature and salinity is apparent from the mid-2000s, which can be linked to a recent decline in sea ice import and a corresponding loss in freshwater, leading to weakened ocean stratification, enhanced vertical mixing and increased upward fluxes of heat and salt that prevent seaice formation and increase ocean heat content.
Abstract: The Arctic has warmed dramatically in recent decades, with greatest temperature increases observed in the northern Barents Sea. The warming signatures are not constrained to the atmosphere, but extend throughout the water column. Here, using a compilation of hydrographic observations from 1970 to 2016, we investigate the link between changing sea-ice import and this Arctic warming hotspot. A sharp increase in ocean temperature and salinity is apparent from the mid-2000s, which we show can be linked to a recent decline in sea-ice import and a corresponding loss in freshwater, leading to weakened ocean stratification, enhanced vertical mixing and increased upward fluxes of heat and salt that prevent sea-ice formation and increase ocean heat content. Thus, the northern Barents Sea may soon complete the transition from a cold and stratified Arctic to a warm and well-mixed Atlantic-dominated climate regime. Such a shift would have unknown consequences for the Barents Sea ecosystem, including ice-associated marine mammals and commercial fish stocks.
312 citations