語用論(Pragmatics)を考える

In this article we will explore the consequences of adopting recent proposals by Chomsky, according to which the syntactic derivation proceeds in terms of phases. The notion of phase - through the associated notion ofspellout - allows for an insightful theory of the fact that syntactic constituents receive default phrase stress not across the board, but as a function of yet-to-be-explicated conditions on their syntactic context. We will see that the phonological evidence requires us to modify somewhat the theory of which functional categories actually define a phase. Patterns of default, syntax-determined, phrase stress are argued to result from prosodic spellout requiring the highest phrase in the spellout domain to correspond to a major prosodic phrase in phonological representation, and carry major phrase stress.

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Phase theory and prosodic spellout: The case of verbs

Patterns in the Semantics of Generic Sentences.- Intensional Subjects and Indirect Contextual Anchoring.- Temporal Orientation in Conditionals.- On the Temporal Syntax of Non-Root Modals.- How to Say Ought in Foreign: The Composition of Weak Necessity Modals.- On the Temporal Function of Modal Verbs.- The English Perfect and the Metaphysics of Events.- Tense and Modality in Nominals.- Time With and Without Tense.- The English Konjunktiv II.- Phasing in Modals: Phases and the Epistemic/Root Distinction.

Time and Modality

This article surveys the state of the art in the field of semantic universals. We examine potential semantic universals in three areas: (i) the lexicon, (ii) semantic “glue” (functional morphemes and composition principles), and (iii) pragmatics. At the level of the lexicon, we find remarkably few convincing semantic universals. At the level of functional morphemes and composition principles, we discuss a number of promising constraints, most of which require further empirical testing and/or refinement. In the realm of pragmatics, we predict that Gricean mechanisms are universal, but suggest that the precise nature of presuppositions may be subject to cross-linguistic variation. Finally, we follow E.L. Keenan in concluding that the overarching universal of effability or translatability between languages cannot be upheld in its strongest form. A recurring theme throughout this survey is how much work still remains to be done in the relatively young field of cross-linguistic formal semantics.

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Universals in semantics

Acknowledgments. Notes on Contributors. Introduction by Simin Karimi. 1.Topic and Focus Scope Positions in Navajo (Kenneth Hale, Eloise Jelinek, and MaryAnn Willie) 2. Argument Scrambling, Operator Movement, and Topic Movement in Hungarian (Katalin E. Kiss) 3. Grammatical Relations in Tohono O'odham: An Instrumental Perspective (Mizuki Miyashita, Richard Demers, and Delbert Ortiz) 4. Bare Nominals: Non-Specific and Contrastive Readings under Scrambling (Veneeta Dayal) 5. On Object Positions, Specificity, and Scrambling in Persian (Simin Karimi) 6. Scrambling, Subscrambling, and Case in Turkish (Jaklin Kornfilt) 7. Does Russian Scrambling Exist (John Frederick Bailyn) 8. A-Movement Scrambling and Options Without Optionality (Shigeru Miyagawa) 9. Scrambling in Dutch: Optionality and Optimality (Helen de Hoop) 10. Word Order and (Remnant) VP Movement (Anoop Mahajan) 11. Non-Canonical Word Order: Topic and Focus in Adult and Child Tamil (Vaijayanthi Sarma) 12. L2 Acquisition of Japanese: Knowledge and Use of Case Particles in SOV and OSV Sentences (Noriko Iwasaki) 13. Scrambling and Processing: Dependencies, Complexity, and Constraints (Irina A. Sekerina) 14. WH-Movement versus Scrambling: The Brain Makes a Difference (Angela D. Friederici, Matthias Schlesewsky, and Christian J. Fiebach) References. Index.

Word order and scrambling

Preface 1. Introduction and Predicaments 2. Patterns of Interpretation and Grammaticality 3. Traditional Explanations 4. The Distinction and its Slipperiness 5. Taking Stock 6. Nonuniformity 7. Of Time and Predicates Bibliography Index

/pdf/predicates-and-temporal-arguments-5cl4ar3wz1.pdf

Predicates and Temporal Arguments

and yet they rarely follow up on the consequences of this claim. This article identifies the kinds of changes in interpretation that can arise when an ILP appears in a position that needs a SLP. Evidential Coercion derives a SLP from an ILP and yields, in the terms of Kratzer 1988 a predicate that denotes a function from spatiotemporal locations to individuals such that the individual displays behavioral evidence of having the property denoted by the ILP at the location. The analysis is formalized within the frameworks of Carlson 1977 and Kratzer 1988.

Evidential Coercion: Using Individual-Level Predicates In Stage-Level Environments

This article discusses the temporal interpretation of Navajo sentences. Navajo has linguistic forms that give temporal information: future tense, past and future particles, and temporal adverbials. These forms are optional, so that many sentences contain no direct temporal information. In such cases, aspectual information gives pragmatic cues to the temporal location of the situation expressed. The key factor is boundedness: in the default case, unbounded situations are taken as present and bounded situations as past. Three pragmatic principles explain the inference from aspect to temporal location. The principles, which also hold for certain other languages, apply to verb words with overt aspectual viewpoints as well as to zero‐marked verb words.

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Time in Navajo: Direct and Indirect Interpretation

The Athabaskan language family constitutes the largest group of Amerindian languages in North America, stretching from Alaska, through the Pacific Northwest, and to the Southwestern states. It includes languages like Navajo and Apache, as well as many lesser known. Over the years Athabaskan has posed a number of challenges for theorists in all areas of linguistics, and has also been the subject of much recent attention - none of which has been collected before now. This volume is a collection of previously unpublished articles on Athabaskan syntax, semantics, and morphology, and will be of interest not only to those with a anthropological interest in North American languages, but also to theoretical linguists concerned with the issues discussed. The book will also be useful in that it directly confronts the problems facing languages like Navajo as they struggle to survive; the list of contributors thus brings together not only prominent linguists (include Navajos) but educators as well.

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Theodore B. Fernald

Papers

Predicates and Temporal Arguments

Evidential Coercion: Using Individual-Level Predicates In Stage-Level Environments

Time in Navajo: Direct and Indirect Interpretation

The Athabaskan languages : perspectives on a Native American language family

Temporal interpretation in Navajo