Intelligent transport systems are the rising technology in the near future to build cooperative vehicular networks in which a variety of different ITS applications are expected to communicate with a variety of different units. Therefore, the demand for highly customized communication channel for each or sets of similar ITS applications is increased. This article explores the capabilities of available wireless communication technologies in order to produce a win-win situation while selecting suitable carrier( s) for a single application or a profile of similar applications. Communication requirements for future ITS applications are described to select the best available communication interface for the target application(s).

Wireless communication technologies for ITS applications [Topics in Automotive Networking]

Recent advances in wireless technologies have given rise to the emergence of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). In such networks, the limited coverage of WiFi and the high mobility of the nodes generate frequent topology changes and network fragmentations. For these reasons, and taking into account that there is no central manager entity, routing packets through the network is a challenging task. Therefore, offering an efficient routing strategy is crucial to the deployment of VANETs. This paper deals with the optimal parameter setting of the optimized link state routing (OLSR), which is a well-known mobile ad hoc network routing protocol, by defining an optimization problem. This way, a series of representative metaheuristic algorithms (particle swarm optimization, differential evolution, genetic algorithm, and simulated annealing) are studied in this paper to find automatically optimal configurations of this routing protocol. In addition, a set of realistic VANET scenarios (based in the city of Malaga) have been defined to accurately evaluate the performance of the network under our automatic OLSR. In the experiments, our tuned OLSR configurations result in better quality of service (QoS) than the standard request for comments (RFC 3626), as well as several human experts, making it amenable for utilization in VANET configurations.

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Intelligent OLSR Routing Protocol Optimization for VANETs

Recent advances in various wireless communication technologies and the emergence of computationally rich vehicles are pushing vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) research to the forefront in academia and industry. A lot of research results have been published in various areas (such as routing, broadcasting, security and others) of VANET in the last decade covering both vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) scenarios. One specific area of VANET that still faces significant challenges is the design of reliable and robust media access control (MAC) protocols for V2V communications. The authors present a survey of V2V MAC methods (including various VANET standards) that have been proposed for VANETs over the last few years. The authors also focus on the benefits and limitations of the proposed MAC techniques as well as their ease of implementation in practice and future deployment. In addition some of the challenges that still need to be addressed to enable the implementation of highly efficient and high performance MAC protocols for V2V communications are discussed. Finally, some innovative solutions that can be developed to address these challenges are proposed.

Survey of media access control protocols for vehicular ad hoc networks

With growing interest in using cognitive radio (CR) technology in wireless communication systems for vehicles, it is envisioned that future vehicles will be CR-enabled. This paper discusses CR technologies for vehicular networks aimed at improving vehicular communication efficiency. CR for vehicular networks has the potential of becoming a killer CR application in the future due to a huge consumer market for vehicular communications. This paper surveys novel approaches and discusses research challenges related to the use of cognitive radio technology in vehicular ad hoc networks. We review how CR technologies such as dynamic spectrum access, adaptive software-defined radios, and cooperative communications will enhance vehicular communications and, hence, present the potential of transforming vehicle communication in terms of efficiency and safety. Our work is different from existing works in that we provide recent advances and open research directions on applying cognitive radio in vehicular ad hoc networks (CR-VANETs) focusing on architecture, machine learning, cooperation, reprogrammability, and spectrum management as well as QoE optimization for infotainment applications. A taxonomy of recent advances in cognitive radio for vehicular networks is also provided. In addition, several challenges and requirements have been identified. The research on applying CR in vehicular networks is still in its early stage, and there are not many experimental platforms due to their complex setup and requirements. Some related testbeds and research projects are provided at the end.

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Cognitive radio for vehicular ad hoc networks (CR-VANETs): approaches and challenges

Mobility management is one of the most challenging research issues for vehicular networks to support a variety of intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications. The traditional mobility management schemes for Internet and mobile ad hoc network (MANET) cannot meet the requirements of vehicular networks, and the performance degrades severely due to the unique characteristics of vehicular networks (e.g., high mobility). Therefore, mobility management solutions developed specifically for vehicular networks would be required. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on mobility management for vehicular networks. First, the requirements of mobility management for vehicular networks are identified. Then, classified based on two communication scenarios in vehicular networks, namely, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications, the existing mobility management schemes are reviewed. The differences between host-based and network-based mobility management are discussed. To this end, several open research issues in mobility management for vehicular networks are outlined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Mobility and handoff management in vehicular networks: a survey

The rapid progress being made in mobile device technologies that enable consumers can enjoy Internet based multimedia/business services in travel will rely on IP mobility management protocols for enabling mobile services. The performance of mobility management protocols will largely effect on consumers? experiences. In this paper, an analytical cost model is developed for evaluating the performance of the existing IP mobility management protocols including the recently developed Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6); they are analyzed and compared in terms of signaling cost, packet delivery cost, tunneling cost, and total cost. The conducted results identify each mobility management protocol?s strengths and weaknesses that could be used to facilitate decision-making for consumer network design. In addition, suggestions for developing further PMIPv6 improvements are provided.

Cost analysis of IP mobility management protocols for consumer mobile devices

While host mobility support for individual mobile hosts (MHs) has been widely investigated and developed over the past years, there has been relatively less attention to NEtwork MObility (NEMO). Since NEMO Basic Support (NEMO-BS) was developed, it has been the central pillar in Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) communication architectures for maintaining the vehicle's Internet connectivity. As the vehicle moves around, it attaches to a new access network and is required to register a new address obtained from the new access network to a home agent (HA). This location update of NEMO-BS often results in unacceptable long handover latency and increased traffic load to the vehicle. To address these issues, in this paper, we introduce new NEMO support protocols, which rely on mobility service provisioning entities introduced in Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6), as possible mobility support protocols for ITS. As a base protocol, we present PMIPv6-based NEMO (P-NEMO) to maintain the vehicle's Internet connectivity while moving and without participating in the location update management. In P-NEMO, the mobility management for the vehicle is supported by mobility service provisioning entities residing in a given PMIPv6 domain. To further improve handover performance, fast P-NEMO (FP-NEMO) has been developed as an extension protocol. FP-NEMO utilizes wireless L2 events to anticipate the vehicle's handovers. The mobility service provisioning entities prepare the vehicle's handover prior to the attachment of the vehicle to the new access network. Detailed handover procedures for P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are provided, and handover timing diagrams are presented to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocols. P-NEMO and FP-NEMO are compared with NEMO-BS in terms of traffic cost and handover latency.

Performance Analysis of PMIPv6-Based NEtwork MObility for Intelligent Transportation Systems

IPv6 support is needed in vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) with geographical routing. Basic IPv6 protocols such as address auto-configuration assume multicast capable link. However, in VANET, the definition of link becomes ambiguous and it is difficult to support link-scope multicast. Artificial emulation of multicast capable link like Ethernet is possible but may cause low efficiency and high cost. A new way to efficiently run IPv6 over VANET is needed and this paper proposes such a scheme. Our proposal takes the architecture defined by the C2C-CC (car-to-car communication consortium) as a reference system and exploits its inherent features to perform IPv6 operations without link-scope multicast.

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00336450/document

IPv6 support for VANET with geographical routing

The management of network mobility raises new issues in host mobility: how to maintain IPv6 communication to all nodes inside a mobile network, how to allow nodes to choose the best default router in a multihomed mobile network. In the context of the Nautilus working group within the WIDE community, This work presents what is a mobile network and what is the implications of multihoming and the aggregation of several mobile networks. The paper also presents an optimization in router advertisement to allow hosts to discover the hierarchy of mobile routers in nested mobile networks.

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Multihoming in nested mobile networking

Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) routing protocols and NEMO Basic Support are considered key technologies for vehicle networks. Cooperation between MANET and NEMO (MANEMO) brings several benefits especially for route optimization and multihoming. We made a real field vehicle communication environment with NEMO and MANET. By switching from NEMO to MANET, routes between vehicles are optimized and network performances improved in terms of latency and bandwidth. Experiment results show that network performances are further improved with simultaneous usage of NEMO and MANET. Network performances were shown on a web site in real time and mapped at locations using GPS information.

http://olivier.mehani.name/publications/2008tsukada_simultaneous_nemo_manet.pdf

Thierry Ernst

Papers

Cost analysis of IP mobility management protocols for consumer mobile devices

Performance Analysis of PMIPv6-Based NEtwork MObility for Intelligent Transportation Systems

IPv6 support for VANET with geographical routing

Multihoming in nested mobile networking

Simultaneous usage of NEMO and MANET for vehicular communication