Lithium-ion batteries are well-suited for fully electric and hybrid electric vehicles due to their high specific energy and energy density relative to other rechargeable cell chemistries. However, these batteries have not been widely deployed commercially in these vehicles yet due to safety, cost, and poor low temperature performance, which are all challenges related to battery thermal management. In this paper, a critical review of the available literature on the major thermal issues for lithium-ion batteries is presented. Specific attention is paid to the effects of temperature and thermal management on capacity/power fade, thermal runaway, and pack electrical imbalance and to the performance of lithium-ion cells at cold temperatures. Furthermore, insights gained from previous experimental and modeling investigations are elucidated. These include the need for more accurate heat generation measurements, improved modeling of the heat generation rate, and clarity in the relative magnitudes of the various thermal effects observed at high charge and discharge rates seen in electric vehicle applications. From an analysis of the literature, the requirements for lithium-ion thermal management systems for optimal performance in these applications are suggested, and it is clear that no existing thermal management strategy or technology meets all these requirements.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.3515880/pdf

A Critical Review of Thermal Issues in Lithium-Ion Batteries

An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the effects of variations in the temperature and volume fraction on the steady-state effective thermal conductivity of two different nanoparticle suspensions. Copper and aluminum oxide, CuO and Al2O3, nanoparticles with area weighted diameters of 29 and 36nm, respectively, were blended with distilled water at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 10% volume fractions and the resulting suspensions were evaluated at temperatures ranging from 27.5to34.7°C. The results indicate that the nanoparticle material, diameter, volume fraction, and bulk temperature, all have a significant impact on the effective thermal conductivity of these suspensions. The 6% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticle/distilled water suspension resulted in an increase in the effective thermal conductivity of 1.52 times that of pure distilled water and the 10% Al2O3 nanoparticle/distilled water suspension increased the effective thermal conductivity by a factor of 1.3, at a temperature of 34°C. A two-factor ...

Experimental investigation of temperature and volume fraction variations on the effective thermal conductivity of nanoparticle suspensions (nanofluids)

Advanced models of fuel droplet heating and evaporation

Durability of concrete — Degradation phenomena involving detrimental chemical reactions

Energy storage components improve the energy efficiency of systems by reducing the mismatch between supply and demand. For this purpose, phase-change materials are particularly attractive since they provide a high-energy storage density at a constant temperature which corresponds to the phase transition temperature of the material. Nevertheless, the incorporation of phase-change materials (PCMs) in a particular application calls for an analysis that will enable the researcher to optimize performances of systems. Due to the non-linear nature of the problem, numerical analysis is generally required to obtain appropriate solutions for the thermal behavior of systems. Therefore, a large amount of research has been carried out on PCMs behavior predictions. The review will present models based on the first law and on the second law of thermodynamics. It shows selected results for several configurations, from numerous authors so as to enable one to start his/her research with an exhaustive overview of the subject. This overview stresses the need to match experimental investigations with recent numerical analyses since in recent years, models mostly rely on other models in their validation stages.

A review on phase-change materials: Mathematical modeling and simulations

The viscosity measurements of four Carbopol solutions at various temperatures and concentrations show shear thinning effects. However, an unexpected viscosity-temperature behavior according to the concentrations of Carbopol solutions has been found. The viscosities of 3500 and 5000 wppm of Carbopol solutions decreased with increasing temperature. However, the viscosities of the 7500 and 10 000 wppm solutions increased with increasing temperature.

Anomalous viscosity-temperature behavior of aqueous Carbopol solutions

Isobaric thermal expansion coefficients for water over large temperature and pressure ranges

The melting of a vertical ice plate into a calcium chloride aqueous solution (CaCl 2 -H 2 O mixture) in a rectangular cavity is considered numerically and experimentally. The ice plate melts spontaneously with decreasing temperature at the melting front even when there exists no initial temperature difference between ice and liquid. Visual observations in the liquid reveal a complicated natural convection affected by the concentration/ temperature gradients which appear near the melting front. Melt water gradually contaminates an upper region in the initially homogeneous liquid, that causes the melting rate to decrease, Aspect ratio H/W of the liquid region does not affect the melting rate within an early melting stage, however large aspect ratio causes the melting rate to decrease during the melting process. A two-dimensional numerical model reflecting actual ice melting conditions predicts, approximately, the transient melting mass, and the transient temperature/concentration decrease in the melting system

Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of a Temperature and Concentration Combined Convection Due to a Vertical Ice Plate Melting

The present invention relates to a method for determining the density of a liquid using a falling needle viscometer. The viscometer includes a vertical cylinder which is filled with the liquid the density of which is to be determined. Using a funnel at the top of the cylinder, a first needle having a known density is allowed to fall through the liquid in the cylinder. The time that the needle falls between two marks, or transducers, spaced on the cylinder a known distance is measured from which the velocity of the needle through the liquid is calculated. Then a second needle having the same dimensions as the first and a known density different from that of the first needle is allowed to fall through the liquid. The time that the second needle falls between the two marks on the cylinder or transducers is measured and the velocity of the second needle through the liquid is calculated. Using the densities of the two needles and the velocities of the needles through the Newtonian liquid the density of the liquid is calculated using disclosed equations. Using the densities three needles and the velocities of the needles through the non-Newtonian liquid, the density of the liquid is calculated using the disclosed equations.

Method for measuring density of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

An experimenl was performed to study the effects of bubbling from a circular, horizontal, fiat plate on the heat transfer to an overlying water pool. The plate had drilled orifices through which nitrogen was injected into an overlying pool of water at atmospheric pressure. For “deep” pools, the heat transfer coefficient was found to increase only about 20% over a range of superficial gas velocities from 0.6 to 8.5cm/s, A turbulent heat transfer model developed by Konsetov was found to agree well with the data from this experiment. This model and the experimental data suggest that under certain conditions the heat transfer coefficient is similar for both horizontal and vertical surfaces. These conditions are, that the bubbles only contribute to the stirring action in the pool and only when the bubbling pool is considered “deep”. When the pool height fell below 60% of its diameter, the heat transfer coefficient decreased almost linearly with pool height. This suggests that there occurs a reduction ...

Thomas F. Irvine

Papers

Anomalous viscosity-temperature behavior of aqueous Carbopol solutions

Isobaric thermal expansion coefficients for water over large temperature and pressure ranges

Heat and Mass Transfer Characteristics of a Temperature and Concentration Combined Convection Due to a Vertical Ice Plate Melting

Method for measuring density of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids

Heat transfer from a horizontal bubbling surface to an overlying water pool