https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60646-1.pdf

Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects

Ten per cent of the world’s school-aged children are estimated to be carrying excess body fat (Fig. 1), with an increased risk for developing chronic disease. Of these overweight children, a quarter are obese, with a significant likelihood of some having multiple risk factors for type 2 diabetes, heart disease and a variety of other co-morbidities before or during early adulthood. The prevalence of overweight is dramatically higher in economically developed regions, but is rising significantly in most parts of the world. In many countries the problem of childhood obesity is worsening at a dramatic rate. Surveys during the 1990s show that in Brazil and the USA, an additional 0.5% of the entire child population became overweight each year. In Canada, Australia and parts of Europe the rates were higher, with an additional 1% of all children becoming overweight each year. The burden upon the health services cannot yet be estimated. Although childhood obesity brings a number of additional problems in its train – hyperinsulinaemia, poor glucose tolerance and a raised risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnoea, social exclusion and depression – the greatest health problems will be seen in the next generation of adults as the present childhood obesity epidemic passes through to adulthood. Greatly increased rates of heart disease, diabetes, certain cancers, gall bladder disease, osteoarthritis, endocrine disorders and other obesityrelated conditions will be found in young adult populations, and their need for medical treatment may last for their remaining life-times. The costs to the health services, the losses to society and the burdens carried by the individuals involved will be great. The present report has been written to focus attention on the issue and to urge policy-makers to consider taking action before it is too late. Specifically, the report:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2004.00133.x

Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health.

https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/69552/1/PIIS0140673612608988.pdf

The pandemic of physical inactivity: global action for public health

http://www.ernaehrungsdenkwerkstatt.de/fileadmin/user_upload/EDWText/Personen/Popkin_Nutrition_Transition_global__dynamics_AJCN_84_289_2006.pdf

Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases

Context: Prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is rapidly increasing in developing countries, leading to increased morbidity and mortality due to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. Evidence Acquisition: Literature search was carried out using the terms obesity, insulin resistance, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, dyslipidemia, nutrition, physical activity, and developing countries, from PubMed from 1966 to June 2008 and from web sites and published documents of the World Health Organization and Food and Agricultural Organization. Evidence Synthesis: With improvement in economic situation in developing countries, increasing prevalence of obesity and the metabolic syndrome is seen in adults and particularly in children. The main causes are increasing urbanization, nutrition transition, and reduced physical activity. Furthermore, aggressive community nutrition intervention programs for undernourished children may increase obesity. Some evidence suggests that widely preval...

/pdf/obesity-and-the-metabolic-syndrome-in-developing-countries-2841qnesds.pdf

Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing Countries

Este estudo e parte de um esforco internacional para validar um questionario internacional de atividade fisica (IPAQ) proposto pela Organizacao Mundial de Saude (1998), e que pretende servir como um instrumento mundial para determinar o nivel de atividade fisica em nivel populacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a validade do IPAQ em uma amostra de adultos brasileiros. A amostra foi consti­tuida por257 homens e mulheres que responderam o IPAQ (versao da ultima semana, formas curta e longa) no inicio do estudo e apos 7 dias. Para validar o instrumento parte da amostra (n:.28) usou o sensor de movimento Computer Science & Aplications (CSA). A reprodutibilidade do questionario foi determinada depois de 7 dias e a correlacao de Spearman foi significante e alta (rho=0,69 - 0,71:p

/pdf/questionario-internacional-de-atividade-fisica-ipaq-estupo-1i6tfnelhc.pdf

Questionário internacional de atividade física (ipaq): estupo de validade e reprodutibilidade no brasil

Nível de atividade física da população do estado de São Paulo: Análise de acordo com o gênero, idade, nível socioeconômico, distribuição geográfica e de conhecimento

[1] Pardini, R.; Matsudo, S.M.; Araújo, T.; Matsudo, V.; Andrade, E.; Braggion, G.; Andrade, D.; Oliveira, L.; Figueira Jr., A.; Raso, V. Validation of the International Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ-version 6): pilot study in Brazilian young adults. Rev. Bras. Ciên. e Mov. 9 (3): 45-51, 2001. The measurement of the level of physical activity in large population groups requires a precise and low cost tool that is easy to apply. This study is part of a large scale international effort to validate the Interantional Physical Activity Questionaire (IPAQ) proposed by the World Health Organization (1998) which serves as an international instrument to determine the population’s level of physical activity. For this, 43 individuals comprising of 21 female and 22 male in the 20 to 34 age range ( x: 24,0 + 55 years) were selected for the test. The variable weight (x: 68,12 + 14,50 kg) e height (x: 170,70 + 8,64 cm) were obtained through self-report To validate the IPAQ questionaire, an energy lost in Kilocalories during a 7 day period was determined using 2 different instruments: a) A record of

Validação do questionário internacional de nível de atividade física (IPAQ- Versão 6): Estudo piloto em adultos jovens brasileiros

The purpose of this paper is to present key points of an intervention programme (Agita Sao Paulo Program) to promote physical activity in a developing country. Agita is a multi-level, community-wide intervention designed to increase knowledge about the benefits and the level of physical activity in a mega-population of 34 million inhabitants of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The main message was taken from the Centers for Disease Control/American College of Sports Medicine (CDC/ACSM) recommen- dation that: 'everyone should accumulate at least 30 minutes of physical activity, on most days of the weeks, of moderate intensity, in one single or in multiple sessions'. Activities were encouraged in three settings: home, transport and leisure time. Focus groups were students from elementary schools through to college, white and blue collar workers, and elderly people. Innovative aspects included: (1) a research centre leading the process, (2) scientific and institutional partnerships (over 160 groups), (3) a feasible approach - the 'one-step-ahead' model, (4) empowerment, (5) inclusion, (6) non-paid media, (7) social marketing, and (8) culture-linked. Data were obtained from 645 random, home-based questionnaires over four years - stratified by sex, age, education and socio-economic level. These data show that the Agita message reached 55.7% of the population, and among these, 23.1% knew the main message. Recall of Agita and knowledge of its purpose were well distributed among different socio- economic levels, being known by 67% of the most educated. The prevalence of people reaching the recommendation was 54.8% (men 48.7%, women 61%); and risk of being sedentary was quite smaller among those who knew the Agita message (7.1%) compared with those who did not know (13.1%). In conclusion, based upon the Agita Sao Paulo experience, it appears that a multi-level, community-wide intervention to promote physical activity may obtain good results if the model contains the items listed above.

/pdf/promotion-of-physical-activity-in-a-developing-country-the-kpfm6hsbsm.pdf

Promotion of physical activity in a developing country: the Agita São Paulo experience.

Lack of comparability has been a major limitation in studies on physical activity, due to the utilization of different methodological instruments and inconsistent cut-off points. This study aims to compare the levels of physical activity in adults from two Brazilian areas: (a) Sao Paulo, the richest State in the country; (b) Pelotas, a medium-sized southern Brazilian city. Both sites used cross-sectional population-based designs, with multiple-stage sampling strategies. Level of physical activity was assessed with the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Prevalence of sedentary lifestyle was three times higher in Pelotas than in Sao Paulo. On the other hand, the proportion of very active subjects was significantly higher in Pelotas. The proportion of insufficiently active individuals (sedentary + irregularly active) was almost identical between the sites. Socioeconomic status was inversely related to level of physical activity in both sites. Among the insufficiently active subjects, those living in Sao Paulo are at least engaged in a limited amount of activity. On the other hand, among sufficiently active people, those living in Pelotas are more active.

/pdf/physical-activity-in-adults-from-two-brazilian-areas-5txq98nk7d.pdf

Timóteo Leandro Araújo

Papers

Questionário internacional de atividade física (ipaq): estupo de validade e reprodutibilidade no brasil

Nível de atividade física da população do estado de São Paulo: Análise de acordo com o gênero, idade, nível socioeconômico, distribuição geográfica e de conhecimento

Validação do questionário internacional de nível de atividade física (IPAQ- Versão 6): Estudo piloto em adultos jovens brasileiros

Promotion of physical activity in a developing country: the Agita São Paulo experience.

Physical activity in adults from two Brazilian areas: similarities and differences