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Tirion Elizabeth Havard

Bio: Tirion Elizabeth Havard is an academic researcher from London South Bank University. The author has contributed to research in topics: Criminal justice & Defensive medicine. The author has an hindex of 3, co-authored 4 publications receiving 49 citations.

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: How participants perceived defensive practice, both in general and when faced with real-life vignettes, is examined, which suggests that it is a subtler and less conscious process.
Abstract: Defensive practice has received attention through the Munro review of child protection, which has identified that current organisational cultures increase the likelihood of defensive practice. Whilst the wider socio-political climate that gives rise to defensive practice has been explored within the literature, little attention has been paid to the everyday realities of defensive practice. This paper reports the findings of a study into final year social work students' attitudes towards defensive practice within social work. Three focus groups were completed with a total of ninety final-year students that collected qualitative and quantitative data using interactive software. This paper examines how participants perceived defensive practice, both in general and when faced with real-life vignettes. Participants distinguished between pro-active behaviour (sins of commission) and passive behaviour (sins of omission), generally regarding the latter as less serious because it was less tangible and easier to attribute to more positive motives. Whilst the literature identifies defensive practice as deliberate behaviour, the focus group discussions suggest that it is a subtler and less conscious process. Whilst there was there was a general consensus about the nature of defensive practice, there was considerable disagreement about specific vignettes and several competing explanations are explored.

30 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper found that local gangs had evolved into more organized and profit-oriented entities than a decade earlier, rejecting visible signs of gang membership as "bad for business" because they attracted unwanted attention from law enforcement agencies.
Abstract: The aim of the current study was to understand how gangs have changed in the past 10 years since Pitts’ (2008) study in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. The study undertook interviews with 21 practitioners working on gang-related issues and 10 young people affected by gangs or formerly embedded in them. Two focus groups involving 37 participants from key agencies then explored the preliminary findings and contributed to a conceptualization of a new operating model of gangs. The study found that local gangs had evolved into more organized and profit-oriented entities than a decade earlier. The new operating model rejected visible signs of gang membership as ‘bad for business’ because they attracted unwanted attention from law enforcement agencies. Faced with a saturated drugs market in London, gangs moved out to capture drugs markets in smaller UK towns in ‘county lines’ activities. This more business-oriented ethos has changed the meaning of both territory and violence. While gang members in the original study described an emotional connection with their postcode, territory is increasingly regarded as a marketplace to be protected. Similarly, violence has moved from an expressive means of reinforcing gang identity to being increasingly used as an instrumental means of protecting business interests. The current study offers a rare opportunity to gain a picture of gangs at two time periods and contributes to work on the contested nature of UK gangs and renewed interest in gang evolution. These findings have important implications for local authorities and criminal justice agencies who need to address the profit motive of gang activity directly.

29 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Apr 2020
TL;DR: In this article, a study with women survivors was able to identify that perpetrators use mobile phones in ways that go beyond the traditional tactics of abuse identified through the globally used feminist theorisation of the Power and Control Wheel (developed by the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Programme).
Abstract: Mobile phone ownership has become almost universal, with smartphones the most popular consumer electronics device. While the role of technologies and digital media in the domestic abuse of women is gaining international attention, specific information regarding how mobile phones, and their various ‘apps’, may assist perpetrators in the coercive control of their current or former partners is still a relatively unexplored area in the research literature. This study with women survivors was able to identify that perpetrators use mobile phones in ways that go beyond the traditional tactics of abuse identified through the globally used feminist theorisation of the Power and Control Wheel (developed by the Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Programme). The portability and diverse capabilities of mobile phones have been manipulated by abusive men to develop strategies of ‘agile technological surveillance’, which allow them to track and monitor their partners in various ways ‘on the go’ and irrespective of physical proximity. An adaptation of the Power and Control Wheel has been developed and licensed to account for these new opportunities for surveillance, manipulation and control. Proposals are made for integrating this revised framework into professional practice to inform the assessment and management of risk in abusive relationships.

16 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored young women and girls' participation in gangs and "county lines" drug sales and found that they were more likely to participate in gang activities.
Abstract: This article explores young women and girls’ participation in gangs and ‘county lines’ drug sales. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with criminal justice and social service professionals fou...

7 citations


Cited by
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, 34 supervision case discussions were recorded and detailed descriptions of what happens in supervision were given, concluding that case discussions operated primarily as a mechanism for management oversight and provided limited opportunity for reflection, emotional support or critical thinking.
Abstract: Supervision is fundamental to the social work profession. However, increasing concern has been expressed over the managerial capture of local authority social work and the use of supervision as a way of enabling management oversight (or surveillance) of practice. Despite the importance of supervision, we have little evidence about what happens when managers and child and family social workers meet to discuss casework and less about how supervision influences practice. In this study, 34 supervision case discussions were recorded. Detailed descriptions are given of what happens in supervision. Overall, case discussions operated primarily as a mechanism for management oversight and provided limited opportunity for reflection, emotional support or critical thinking. With reference to organizational context, it is suggested that these deficits result from a system that focuses too much on ‘what and when’ things happen and not enough on ‘how and why’.

62 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors presents a detailed analysis of the death of Baby P in England in 2007 and subsequent media coverage of it Author Professor Ray Jones discusses the now infamously famous death of baby P in 2007.
Abstract: This is a brave book that presents a detailed analysis of the death of Baby P in England in 2007 and the subsequent media coverage of it Author Professor Ray Jones discusses the now infamously clo

54 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Whittaker et al. as mentioned in this paper explored the psychological processes that underpin how child protection practitioners form judgments and make decisions in real life situations and found that practitioners' reasoning had a dynamic interplay of intuitive and analytic processes with emotionally-informed intuitive processes as the primary driver.
Abstract: Child protection social workers must make difficult decisions in real life circumstances that often involve limited knowledge, uncertainty, time pressures and powerful emotions. These circumstances can pose a significant challenge to reasoning skills, especially when the cost of errors and poor judgment can be unacceptably high. The current study explores the psychological processes that underpin how child protection practitioners form judgments and make decisions in real life situations. The study had an ethnographic design with two sites; a local authority children's intake service and a specialist multi-disciplinary court assessment service. Twenty-four interviews and forty days of observations were completed. The study found that practitioners' reasoning had a dynamic interplay of intuitive and analytic processes with emotionally-informed intuitive processes as the primary driver. Experience played an important role in developing practitioners’ reasoning skills. As practitioners became more experienced, they engaged in progressively more sophisticated pattern recognition and story building processes to analyse and evaluate complex information. In conclusion, it is argued that greater attention should be given to understanding and supporting practitioner thinking to both support expert practice and reduce errors. An outline of a future research agenda is outlined and the implications for practice are discussed. This is a pre-copyedited, author-produced version of an article accepted for publication in British Journal of Social Work following peer review. The version of record Whittaker, AJ (2017) How do child protection practitioners make decisions in real life situations? Lessons from the psychology of decision making. British Journal of Social Work. is available online at: https://academic.oup.com/bjsw

46 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, four typologies of cuckooing are constructed, highlighting its variance and complexity, and the impact of County Lines on affected areas and local populations, a topic that has received little academic scrutiny.
Abstract: A form of criminal exploitation rarely mentioned in the academic literature has recently emerged, evolved and taken meaningful hold in the UK. Hundreds of cases of ‘cuckooing’ have been reported, where heroin and crack cocaine dealers associated with the so-called ‘County Lines’ supply methodology have taken over the homes of local residents and created outposts to facilitate their supply operations in satellite locations. Dominant narratives surrounding this practice have stressed its exploitative nature and the vulnerabilities of those involved. Combining qualitative data from two studies, this paper critically analyses the model of cuckooing and the experiences of those affected. In turn it explores the impact of County Lines on affected areas and local populations, a topic that has received little academic scrutiny. Four typologies of cuckooing are constructed, highlighting its variance and complexity. Findings also suggest it to be a growing method of criminal exploitation beyond drug supply with a possible burgeoning presence being realised internationally.

30 citations