Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

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Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: An overview of the issues

http://sergiorosendo.pbworks.com/f/Wunder+et+al+2008+payments+for+environmental+services.pdf

Taking stock: A comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use (AFOLU) is unique among the sectors considered in this volume, since the mitigation potential is derived from both an enhancement of removals of greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as reduction of emissions through management of land and livestock (robust evidence; high agreement). The land provides food that feeds the Earth’s human population of ca. 7 billion, fibre for a variety of purposes, livelihoods for billions of people worldwide, and is a critical resource for sustainable development in many regions. Agriculture is frequently central to the livelihoods of many social groups, especially in developing countries where it often accounts for a significant share of production. In addition to food and fibre, the land provides a multitude of ecosystem services; climate change mitigation is just one of many that are vital to human well-being (robust evidence; high agreement). Mitigation options in the AFOLU sector, therefore, need to be assessed, as far as possible, for their potential impact on all other services provided by land. [Section 11.1]

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Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU)

Performance-based payments are key, yet limited. Payments based on performance directly incentivise and compensate forest owners and users. But schemes such as payments for environmental services (PES) depend on conditions, such as secure tenure, solid carbon data and transparent governance, that are often lacking and take time to change. This constraint reinforces the need for broad institutional and policy reforms.

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Realising Redd+: National strategy and policy options

Spatial targeting of payments for environmental services: A tool for boosting conservation benefits

Farmer-led innovations and rural household welfare: Evidence from Ghana

International payments for biodiversity services: Review and evaluation of conservation targeting approaches

Costa Rica was the first developing country to have implemented a nation-wide program of payments for environmental services. We analyze whether the efficiency of the program could be increased through better targeting techniques and propose a targeting mechanism which takes into account the spatial diversity of service provision and opportunity cost. Given a fixed budget we show that selecting sites according to their service delivery potential increases the amount of contracted services. The efficiency increase is even more pronounced when opportunity costs are taken into account and payment levels are varied accordingly. We also observe that the use of the above mentioned concepts decreases the average area of the selected, sites which might indicate that the proposed approaches encourage participation of the poor.

Tobias Wünscher

Papers

Spatial targeting of payments for environmental services: A tool for boosting conservation benefits

Farmer-led innovations and rural household welfare: Evidence from Ghana

International payments for biodiversity services: Review and evaluation of conservation targeting approaches

Payments for environmental services in Costa Rica: increasing efficiency through spatial differentiation

Pay the farmer, or buy the land?—Cost-effectiveness of payments for ecosystem services versus land purchases or easements in Central Kenya