Varieties of capitalism : the institutional foundations ofcomparative advantage

The article outlines some of the main dimensions in which gender relations are crucial in understanding and analysing the phenomena of nations and nationalism, and the specific boundaries of inclusions and exclusions that they construct. Three major dimensions of nationalist projects that relate to citizenship, culture and origin are differentiated. In each of them gender relations play specific roles and have mobilized specific struggles. The article looks at the dualistic nature of women's citizenship, as both included and excluded from the general body of citizens. Even when there is a formal equality of women in their political rights as citizens, other modes of exclusion in the political, social and civil spheres continue to operate. The particular ways in which the entry of women into the military has been linked to struggles for women's equality as citizens are examined in this context. In relation to national cultures, both secular and religious, the article examines the ways in which wom...

Gender and Nation

justice. Women, by contrast, were believed to be at a lower stage because they were found to have a sense of agency still tied primarily to their social relationships and to make political and moral decisions based on context-specific principles based on these relationships rather than on the grounds of their own autonomous judgments. Students of gender studies know well just how busy social scientists have been kept by their efforts to come up with ever more sociological "alibis" for the question of why women did not act like men. Gilligan's response was to refuse the terms of the debate altogether. She thus did not develop yet another explanation for why women are "deviant." Instead, she turned the question on its head by asking what was wrong with the theory a theory whose central premises defines 50% of social beings as "abnormal." Gilligan translated this question into research by subjecting the abstraction of universal and discrete agency to comparative research into female behavior evaluated on its own terms The new research revealed women to be more "concrete" in their thinking and more attuned to "fairness" while men acted on "abstract reasoning" and "rules of justice." These research findings transformed female otherness into variation and difference but difference now freed from the normative de-

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The narrative constitution of identity: A relational and network approach

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

Preface 1. The conceptual framework 2. The natural state 3. The natural state applied: English land law 4. Open access orders 5. Explaining the transition from limited to open access orders: the doorstep conditions 6. The transition proper 7. A new research agenda for the social sciences Afterword.

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Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework for Interpreting Recorded Human History

Foreword by Robert Moore Preface by Tom Bottomore PART 1: Citizenship and Social Class Marshall 1. The Problem Stated, with the Assistance of Alfred Marshall 2. The Development of Citizenship to the End of the 19th Century 3. The Early Impact of Citizenship on Social Class 4. Social Rights in the 20th Century 5. Conclusions Notes PART 2: Citizenship and Social Class, Forty Years On Tom Bottomore 1. Citizens, Classes and Equality 2. Capitalism, Socialism and Citizenship 3. New Questions about Citizenship 4. Changing Classes, Changing Doctrines 5. A Kind of Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index

Tom B. Bottomore

Papers

Citizenship and Social Class