Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Only a couple of decades ago urban movements were demanding, usually without much success, increased participation by the grassroots and a democratization of urban politics. Even though they staged what were perceived as ‘urban revolts’ (Castells, 1983: 65) and ‘backyard revolutions’ (Boyte, 1980), the structures of local decisionmaking did not open up very far; established interests in urban renewal hardly budged. Meanwhile, however, the movements’ demands appear to have become reality: the way politicians, urban scholars and activists in urban development now all highlight the importance of grassroots empowerment and citizen participation for dealing with urban problems makes it look as if success has finally been achieved. The topic of urban ‘exclusion’ is finally on the official agenda; policy-makers of all stripes apply not only the rhetoric of grassroots participation, but also a variety of programs addressing urban problems that seek to incorporate and harness community-based interests and local activism. What might appear as the fulfilment of earlier grassroots empowerment claims is actually part of a new mode of governance that has emerged in and for neglected and disadvantaged areas and communities. 1 Their ‘exclusion’ is now described as having a new, more multidimensional character than that which inequality or segregation formerly described, and the need for new policies to address this problematic side of neoliberalism seems uncontested. The concept of ‘social capital’ plays a key role in these new policies, as it presumably connects local participation, based on horizontal networks and reciprocity, with such positive results as economic growth and democratic intensity, even — or especially — in distressed, excluded areas. Through examining the way ‘social capital’ has been deployed by researchers and practitioners in the field of urban movements and community development, this article reveals the powerful and in many ways effective role the concept is playing in framing the contemporary reconfigurations in local state-society relations, impacting especially on the trajectory of third or voluntary sector development. It does so by exemplifying a more general trend of dissolving social and political perspectives into economic ones, by painting a variety of different kinds of civic engagement into a single — positively charged — corner, and thereby creating a new framework for dealing with urban inequality and poverty that appears to involve mobilization from below but does so in an extremely circumscribed and biased way.

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The Onward Sweep of Social Capital: Causes and Consequences for Understanding Cities, Communities and Urban Movements

Katherine Pennington's painting You're My Tenth Customer depicts a woman entrepreneur at work. Facilitating entrepreneurship among women through small loan programs is the focus of many of the pove...

Alleviating Poverty: Investing in Women's Work

Foreword Sheila Radford-Hill Preface and acknowledgments Part I. Introduction: 1. Struggle for homeplace Part II. Wentworth Gardens' Historic Context: 2. US public housing policies: Wentworth Gardens' historic backdrop 3. Memory of a better past, reality of the present: the impetus for resident activism Part III. Everyday Resistance in the Expanded Private Sphere: 4. The community household: the foundation of everyday resistance 5. The local advisory council (LAC): a site of women-centered organizing 6. Women-centered leadership: a case study 7. The appropriation of homeplace: organizing for the spatial resources to sustain everyday life Part IV. Transgressive Resistance in the Public Sphere: 8. The White Sox Battle: protest and betrayal 9. Linking legal action and economic development: tensions and strains 10. Becoming resident managers: a bureaucratic quagmire Part V. Conclusions: 11. Resistance in context Epilogue Appendices References Index.

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The Dignity of Resistance: Women Residents' Activism in Chicago Public Housing

This chapter uses feminist and critical organizational communication perspectives to examine control, resistance, and empowerment as revealed in the literature on African American women’s work experiences. Acker’s (1991) model of gendered organizations is extended to include race and class, and to frame an understanding of African American women’s subordination (control) and resistance (empowerment) in work situations. This chapter presents evidence of African American women’s subordination in three aspects of raced, gendered, and classed work contexts: (a) organizational divisions (e.g., divisions of labor, allowed behaviors, and work spaces), (b) symbolic constructions, and (c) workplace interactions. African American women’s empowerment in these work contexts are revealed in five themes that are informed by a Black feminist perspective and that are expressed somewhat differently by working-class or working-poor women as compared to middle-and upper-class women in the professions. Implications for theor...

Control, Resistance, and Empowerment in Raced, Gendered, and Classed Work Contexts: The Case of African American Women

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Tracey Steffy

Papers

Women Creating Social Capital and Social Change