Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing

The main message emerging from this new comprehensive global assessment is that premature death and disease can be prevented through healthier environments – and to a significant degree. Analysing the latest data on the environment-disease nexus and the devastating impact of environmental hazards and risks on global health, backed up by expert opinion, this report covers more than 130 diseases and injuries.

Preventing disease through healthy environments: a global assessment of the burden of disease from environmental risks

A meta-analysis of the effects of texting on driving

The authors used traffic exposure data to calculate exposure-based fatal and nonfatal traffic injury rates in the United States. Nationally representative data were used to identify fatal and nonfatal traffic injuries that occurred from 1999 to 2003, and the 2001 National Household Travel Survey was used to estimate traffic exposure (i.e., person-trips). Fatal and nonfatal traffic injury rates per 100 million person-trips were calculated by mode of travel, sex, and age group. The overall fatal traffic injury rate was 10.4 per 100 million person-trips. Fatal injury rates were highest for motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists. The nonfatal traffic injury rate was 754.6 per 100 million person-trips. Nonfatal injury rates were highest for motorcyclists and bicyclists. Exposure-based traffic injury rates varied by mode of travel, sex, and age group. Motorcyclists, pedestrians, and bicyclists faced increased injury risks. Males, adolescents, and the elderly were also at increased risk. Effective interventions are available and should be implemented to protect these vulnerable road users.

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Motor Vehicle Crash Injury Rates by Mode of Travel, United States: Using Exposure-Based Methods to Quantify Differences

This report serves as a comprehensive guide to traffic signal timing and documents the tasks completed in association with its development. The focus of this document is on traffic signal control principles, practices, and procedures. It describes the relationship between traffic signal timing and transportation policy and addresses maintenance and operations of traffic signals. It represents a synthesis of traffic signal timing concepts and their application and focuses on the use of detection, related timing parameters, and resulting effects to users at the intersection. It discusses advanced topics briefly to raise awareness related to their use and application.

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Traffic signal timing manual.

Contains summaries of the knowledge regarding the effects of 128 road safety measures This title covers various areas of road safety including: traffic control; vehicle inspection; driver training; publicity campaigns; police enforcement; and, general policy instruments It also covers topics such as post-accident care, and speed cameras

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The Handbook of Road Safety Measures

The objectives of the project were to identify important issues of traffic law enforcement in the EU, examine traditional and innovative enforcement approaches and tools, and assess their potential to improve compliance for increased safety on roads. The following main issues were addressed: the extent of non-compliance with traffic laws and its contribution to accidents; how enforcement is organised and carried out in practice in EU countries; traffic law enforcement needs, issues and constraints, old and new; the potential for new approaches, technologies and tools to improve compliance through more efficient enforcement. Emphasis was put on speeding, drink-driving, non-use of personal safety devices and "aggressive" driving. The project focused more on the policing function as compared to legal functions. The analysis was largely qualitative because of the complexity of the systems, their intricate social context, and lack of reliable quantitative data in many countries. Attention was also given to organisational and legal issues of the system and not only to policing tactics and the behaviours targeted for enforcement. Another foci were anticipated enforcement issues in a larger, more integrated and even more motorised EU, and the special needs of EEC countries. In examining new approaches and tools, specifically were considered: the potential of automated camera systems for enforcement of speeding and other violations, the possible role of non-police organisations in enforcement, the necessity for monitoring tools, the application of a cost benefit analysis tool to enforcement, and the extent of professional and public support to various traffic enforcement practices and initiatives. One of the leading guidelines of the project was to address traffic law enforcement issues at a practical level and to propose potential solutions with a good chance of being accepted by enforcement professionals. There is clear public support for existing traffic legislation in the four focus areas of speeding, alcohol, belts, and young drivers as well as effectively enforcing them. Considering the traffic system as a whole, including the role and resources of the police, it is clear that enforcement based on very high subjective detection probabilities only, will not be able to achieve even on a satisfactory level the compliance of all traffic rules. There are currently available systems that can be used directly preventive without the fear of punishment such as speed limiters. Moreover, the use of such "directly preventive" systems can be realised with much lower costs than extensive monitoring systems requiring manpower even when fully automatised. Only by realising that traffic enforcement is a part of integrated traffic safety work, where the whole system must be developed, unnecessary pressures and unrealistic expectations concerning the impacts of enforcement can be avoided. The use of new technologies in traffic safety work in both assisting and controlling road user behaviour serve well also this purpose. (A) (The acroynm ESCAPE stands for Enhanced Safety Coming from Appropriate Police Enforcement).

Traffic enforcement in europe: effects, measures, needs and future. final report of the escape consortium

Vehicle Design and Protective Devices

The Norwegian Public Roads Administration has asked for estimates of selected driver support systems with a potential to reduce the number of fatalities. The driver support systems considered were: Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA), maximum speed governor, Alcolock, seat-belt lock, sleep/fatigue warning system, programmable electronic ignition lock (“Smartcard”), adaptive cruise control (ACC), and electronic stability control (ESC). Estimates of lives saved are for the most part based on in-depth investigations of fatal accidents that may have been prevented if respective systems had been activated. The most effective is ISA with an estimated 41 lives saved per year in Norway, the least effective system is a maximum speed governor with an estimate of 8 lives saved per year. Estimates of lives saved for the other seven systems vary between 14,9 and 37,5 lives saved per year.

Truls Vaa

Papers

The Handbook of Road Safety Measures

Traffic enforcement in europe: effects, measures, needs and future. final report of the escape consortium

Vehicle Design and Protective Devices

Driver Support Systems: Estimating Road Safety Effects at Varying Levels of Implementation

Factors Contributing to Road Accidents