Face recognition is one of the most active research fields of computer vision and pattern recognition, with many practical and commercial applications including identification, access control, forensics, and human-computer interactions. However, identifying a face in a crowd raises serious questions about individual freedoms and poses ethical issues. Significant methods, algorithms, approaches, and databases have been proposed over recent years to study constrained and unconstrained face recognition. 2D approaches reached some degree of maturity and reported very high rates of recognition. This performance is achieved in controlled environments where the acquisition parameters are controlled, such as lighting, angle of view, and distance between the camera–subject. However, if the ambient conditions (e.g., lighting) or the facial appearance (e.g., pose or facial expression) change, this performance will degrade dramatically. 3D approaches were proposed as an alternative solution to the problems mentioned above. The advantage of 3D data lies in its invariance to pose and lighting conditions, which has enhanced recognition systems efficiency. 3D data, however, is somewhat sensitive to changes in facial expressions. This review presents the history of face recognition technology, the current state-of-the-art methodologies, and future directions. We specifically concentrate on the most recent databases, 2D and 3D face recognition methods. Besides, we pay particular attention to deep learning approach as it presents the actuality in this field. Open issues are examined and potential directions for research in facial recognition are proposed in order to provide the reader with a point of reference for topics that deserve consideration.

Past, Present, and Future of Face Recognition: A Review

Existing research in the field of face recognition with variations due to disguises focuses primarily on images captured in controlled settings. Limited research has been performed on images captured in unconstrained environments, primarily due to the lack of corresponding disguised face datasets. In order to overcome this limitation, this work presents a novel Disguised Faces in the Wild (DFW) dataset, consisting of over 11,000 images for understanding and pushing the current state-of-the-art for disguised face recognition. To the best of our knowledge, DFW is a first-of-a-kind dataset containing images pertaining to both obfuscation and impersonation for understanding the effect of disguise variations. A major portion of the dataset has been collected from the Internet, thereby encompassing a wide variety of disguise accessories and variations across other covariates. As part of CVPR2018, a competition and workshop are organized to facilitate research in this direction. This paper presents a description of the dataset, the baseline protocols and performance, along with the phase-I results of the competition.

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Disguised Faces in the Wild

Recognition from faces is a popular and significant technology in recent years. Face alterations and the presence of different masks make it too much challenging. In the real-world, when a person is uncooperative with the systems such as in video surveillance then masking is further common scenarios. For these masks, current face recognition performance degrades. An abundant number of researches work has been performed for recognizing faces under different conditions like changing pose or illumination, degraded images, etc. Still, difficulties created by masks are usually disregarded. The primary concern to this work is about facial masks, and especially to enhance the recognition accuracy of different masked faces. A feasible approach has been proposed that consists of first detecting the facial regions. The occluded face detection problem has been approached using Multi-Task Cascaded Convolutional Neural Network (MTCNN). Then facial features extraction is performed using the Google FaceNet embedding model. And finally, the classification task has been performed by Support Vector Machine (SVM). Experiments signify that this mentioned approach gives a remarkable performance on masked face recognition. Besides, its performance has been also evaluated within excessive facial masks and found attractive outcomes. Finally, a correlative study also made here for a better understanding.

Masked Face Recognition Using Convolutional Neural Network

Facial beautification induced by plastic surgery, cosmetics or retouching has the ability to substantially alter the appearance of face images. Such types of beautification can negatively affect the accuracy of face recognition systems. In this work, a conceptual categorisation of beautification is presented, relevant scenarios with respect to face recognition are discussed, and related publications are revisited. Additionally, technical considerations and trade-offs of the surveyed methods are summarized along with open issues and challenges in the field. This survey is targeted to provide a comprehensive point of reference for biometric researchers and practitioners working in the field of face recognition, who aim at tackling challenges caused by facial beautification.

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02378939/document

Impact and Detection of Facial Beautification in Face Recognition: An Overview

Face recognition algorithms have demonstrated very high recognition performance, suggesting suitability for real world applications Despite the enhanced accuracies, robustness of these algorithms against attacks and bias has been challenged This paper summarizes different ways in which the robustness of a face recognition algorithm is challenged, which can severely affect its intended working Different types of attacks such as physical presentation attacks, disguise/makeup, digital adversarial attacks, and morphing/tampering using GANs have been discussed We also present a discussion on the effect of bias on face recognition models and showcase that factors such as age and gender variations affect the performance of modern algorithms The paper also presents the potential reasons for these challenges and some of the future research directions for increasing the robustness of face recognition models

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On the Robustness of Face Recognition Algorithms Against Attacks and Bias

The accuracy of automated human face recognition algorithms can significantly degrade while recognizing same subjects under make-up and disguised appearances. Increasing constraints on enhanced security and surveillance requires enhanced accuracy from face recognition algorithms for faces under disguise and/or makeup. This paper presents a new database for face images under disguised and make-up appearances the development of face recognition algorithms under such covariates. This database has 2460 images from 410 different subjects and is acquired under real environment, focuses on make-up and disguises covariates and also provides ground truth (eye glass, goggle, mustache, beard) for every image. This can enable developed algorithms to automatically quantify their capability for identifying such important disguise attribute during the face recognition We also present comparative experimental results from two popular commercial matchers and from recent publications. Our experimental results suggest significant performance degradation in the capability of these matchers in automatically recognizing these faces. We also analyze face detection accuracy from these matchers. The experimental results underline the challenges in recognizing faces under these covariates. Availability of this new database in public domain will help to advance much needed research and development in recognizing make-up and disguised faces.

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Tsung Ying Wang

Papers

Recognizing human faces under disguise and makeup