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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

This chapter introduces the finite element method (FEM) as a tool for solution of classical electromagnetic problems. Although we discuss the main points in the application of the finite element method to electromagnetic design, including formulation and implementation, those who seek deeper understanding of the finite element method should consult some of the works listed in the bibliography section.

Introduction to the Finite Element Method

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine

Wearable sensors have recently seen a large increase in both research and commercialization. However, success in wearable sensors has been a mix of both progress and setbacks. Most of commercial progress has been in smart adaptation of existing mechanical, electrical and optical methods of measuring the body. This adaptation has involved innovations in how to miniaturize sensing technologies, how to make them conformal and flexible, and in the development of companion software that increases the value of the measured data. However, chemical sensing modalities have experienced greater challenges in commercial adoption, especially for non-invasive chemical sensors. There have also been significant challenges in making significant fundamental improvements to existing mechanical, electrical, and optical sensing modalities, especially in improving their specificity of detection. Many of these challenges can be understood by appreciating the body's surface (skin) as more of an information barrier than as an information source. With a deeper understanding of the fundamental challenges faced for wearable sensors and of the state-of-the-art for wearable sensor technology, the roadmap becomes clearer for creating the next generation of innovations and breakthroughs.

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Wearable sensors: modalities, challenges, and prospects

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The Essential Physics Of Medical Imaging

Surface electrodes are essentially required to be switched in a sequential fashion in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system for current injection and voltage measurement in particular current pattern. Analog multiplexers or other electronic switches are generally used to switch the driving and sensing electrodes attached to the object boundary for current-voltage data collection. Analog multiplexers used for electrode switching are operated by the digital data generated by an electronic hardware-software module (HSM) working within the EIT electronics. Lab VIEW based National Instrumentation Hardware are found very suitable hardware-software module for digital and analog or mixed data acquisition and signal processing which can be suitably used for digital signal generation and electronic switching of EIT surface electrodes. In this direction a LabVIEW based electrode switching module (LV-ESM) is developed for a sixteen electrode EIT system and surface electrodes switching is studied with opposite and neighbouring current injection pattern. LV-ESM is tested and evaluated with sixteen electrode EIT phantoms and results demonstrated that the LV-ESM accurately switches the surface electrodes for boundary data collection.

Studying the surface electrode switching of a sixteen electrode EIT system using a LabVIEW-based electrode switching module (LV-ESM)

The human-brain is a complex-organ developed with nerve cells which are known as the neurons. The human body functions are controlled by the electrochemical activity of the nerve cells which in turn generates electric signals. The functions and activities of the human body parts and organs are disturbed by the abnormal brain functions created by unusual brain electrical activity. The brain electricity could be monitored as electrical signals with an electrical signal measurement process called electroencephalography (EEG). The function and the health of the brain can be studied through EEG signals-analysis which are acquired noninvasively or invasively as the electrical signature of the brain physiology. Therefore, several brain-diseases, brain disorders, and brain injuries can be diagnosed by analyzing the information extracted from the EEG signals. The paper reviews the application of the EEG in medical science and summarises the present status and future possibilities of the EEG technology in neuroscience and neuro-engineering. The papers reviewed the EEG application for major brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, brain tumours, and stroke.

A Review on The Medical Applications of Electroencephalography (EEG)

Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a nonlinear ill posed inverse problem which is very prone to modeling errors. 2D-EIT reconstructs the spatial distribution of the object impedance profile comparing the measurements of boundary voltage data collected from a 3D object with the calculated data generated from an absolute 2D domain in computer. As the 2D-EIT assumes current conduction in two dimensional plane of EIT electrode array, the 2D EIT systems working with a practical 3D phantom produce some error and hence the forward modeling should be modified accordingly. On the other hand, the 3D error can be reduced by using long electrodes but in long electrode system, the electrode to electrode gap (EEGR) ratio required to be maintained to attain a good sensitivity is found difficult. In this direction the thin domain wide electrode (TDWE) phantoms are proposed for electrical impedance tomography (EIT) to reduce the 3D error by maintaining the required EEGR. A LabVIEW based multifrequency EIT instrumentation has been developed and a number of TDWE phantoms with different inhomogeneity configurations have been studied. Absolute impedance images reconstructed in EIDORS, demonstrate that developed TDWE phantom improves image quality by reducing the 3D error.

Thin domain wide electrode (TDWE) phantoms for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

Comparison of two and four electrode methods for studying the impedance variation during cucumber storage using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

Simulated boundary potential data for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) are generated by a MATLAB based EIT data generator and the resistivity reconstruction is evaluated with Electrical Impedance Tomography and Diffuse Optical Tomography Reconstruction Software (EIDORS) Circular domains containing subdomains as inhomogeneity are defined in MATLAB- based EIT data generator and the boundary data are calculated by a constant current simulation with opposite current injection (OCI) method The resistivity images reconstructed for different boundary data sets and images are analyzed with image parameters to evaluate the reconstruction

Tushar Kanti Bera

Papers

Studying the surface electrode switching of a sixteen electrode EIT system using a LabVIEW-based electrode switching module (LV-ESM)

A Review on The Medical Applications of Electroencephalography (EEG)

Thin domain wide electrode (TDWE) phantoms for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

Comparison of two and four electrode methods for studying the impedance variation during cucumber storage using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)

Studies and Evaluation of EIT Image Reconstruction in EIDORS with Simulated Boundary Data