Tyrone B. Hayes

TL;DR: It is concluded that when nonmonotonic dose-response curves occur, the effects of low doses cannot be predicted by the effects observed at high doses, and fundamental changes in chemical testing and safety determination are needed to protect human health.

TL;DR: It is hypothesize that atrazine induces aromatase and promotes the conversion of testosterone to estrogen and likely explains the demasculinization of the male larynx and the production of hermaphrodites.

TL;DR: It is shown that atrazine exposure resulted in retarded gonadal development (gonadal dysgenesis) and testicular oogenesis (hermaphroditism) in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and the current data raise concern about the effects of atrazines on amphibians in general and the potential role of atazine and other endocrine-disrupting pesticides in amphibian declines.

TL;DR: Estimating ecological risk and the impact of pesticides on amphibians using studies that examine only single pesticides at high concentrations may lead to gross underestimations of the role of pesticides in amphibian declines.

TL;DR: The reproductive consequences of atrazine exposure in adult amphibians are demonstrated and exemplify the role that atrazin and other endocrine-disrupting pesticides likely play in global amphibian declines.