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Biomechanics And Motor Control Of Human Movement

Abstract In the past 10 years, ZnO as a semiconductor has attracted considerable attention due to its unique properties, such as high electron mobility, wide and direct band gap and large exciton binding energy. ZnO has been considered a promising material for optoelectronic device applications, and the fabrications of high quality p-type ZnO and p–n junction are the key steps to realize these applications. However, the reliable p-type doping of the material remains a major challenge because of the self-compensation from native donor defects (V O and Zn i ) and/or hydrogen incorporation. Considerable efforts have been made to obtain p-type ZnO by doping different elements with various techniques. Remarkable progresses have been achieved, both theoretically and experimentally. In this paper, we discuss p-type ZnO materials: theory, growth, properties and devices, comprehensively. We first discuss the native defects in ZnO. Among the native defects in ZnO, V Zn and O i act as acceptors. We then present the theory of p-type doping in ZnO, and summarize the growth techniques for p-type ZnO and the properties of p-type ZnO materials. Theoretically, the principles of selection of p-type dopant, codoping method and X Zn –2V Zn acceptor model are introduced. Experimentally, besides the intrinsic p-type ZnO grown at O-rich ambient, p-type ZnO (MgZnO) materials have been prepared by various techniques using Group-I, IV and V elements. We pay a special attention to the band gap of p-type ZnO by band-gap engineering and room temperature ferromagnetism observed in p-type ZnO. Finally, we summarize the devices based on p-type ZnO materials.

RaoP-Type ZnO Materials: Theory, Growth, Properties, and Devices

Magnetorheological (MR) materials are classified as smart materials due to their responsiveness to external magnetic stimuli. Intensive research on MR materials has led to broad applications in several potential fields. A solid carrier matrix state called MR elastomer with its exceptional magnetic responsive feature is obtained by merging magnetizable particles within an elastomeric polymer. This integration results in outstanding characteristics on the rheological performances. Special prominence is given to the understanding of the base materials and fabrication as well as the functional behavior through various characterization methods. Broad applications of MREs are also explored to provide a profound market picture and to motivate researchers to develop novel technology. The functional behavior of MREs is briefly explained. The art of the materials provides the current position and mapping of the matrix and filler particles. Types of matrix and particles are mentioned together with the level of the research interest on MREs. Description of the fabrication is provided in simple diagrams as summarized from previous works to enhance the MREs performance. The possible tests to reveal the characteristics of the MREs are delivered with the global experimental setup. The review also explains the applications of MREs as well as discussion on the MREs future promising applications.

Recent Progress on Magnetorheological Solids: Materials, Fabrication, Testing, and Applications†

Smart materials are kinds of designed materials whose properties are controllable with the application of external stimuli such as the magnetic field, electric field, stress, and heat. Smart materials whose rheological properties are controlled by externally applied magnetic field are known as magneto-rheological materials. Magneto-rheological materials actively used for engineering applications include fluids, foams, grease, elastomers, and plastomers. In the last two decades, magneto-rheological materials have gained great attention of researchers significantly because of their salient controllable properties and potential applications to various fields such as automotive industry, civil environment, and military sector. This article offers a recent progressive review on the magneto-rheological materials technology, especially focusing on numerous application devices and systems utilizing magneto-rheological materials. Conceivable limitations, challenges, and comparable advantages of applying these magn...

A state of art on magneto-rheological materials and their potential applications:

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are a class of recently emerged smart materials whose moduli are largely influenced when exposed to an external magnetic field. The MREs are particulate composites, where micro-sized magnetic particles are dispersed inside a non-magnetic polymeric matrix. These elastomers are known for changing their mechanical and rheological properties in the presence of a magnetic field. This change in properties is widely known as the magnetorheological (MR) effect. The MR effect depends on a number of factors such as type of matrix materials, type, concentration and distribution of magnetic particles, use of additives, working modes, and magnetic field strength. The investigation of MREs’ mechanical properties in both off-field and on-field (i.e. absence and presence of a magnetic field) is crucial to deploy them in real engineering applications. The common magneto-mechanical characterization experiments of MREs include static and dynamic compression, tensile, and shear tests in both off-field and on-field. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the magneto-mechanical characterizations of MREs along with brief coverage of the MRE materials and their fabrication methods.

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A review on magneto-mechanical characterizations of magnetorheological elastomers

/pdf/a-review-on-the-fused-deposition-modeling-fdm-3d-printing-stu4vuyk9r.pdf

A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters

The huge developments in the field of magnetorheological (MR) fluid-based devices will have a great influence on the future of mechatronic applications due to the ease of interfacing between electronic controls and the mechanical components that they provide Among various MR fluid-based devices, an MR valve would be particularly significant for the development of other devices, if it could be successfully achieved One of the most challenging obstacles to MR valve development is the difficulty of achieving device miniaturization while, at the same time, improving the achievable performance This study demonstrates a novel design for an MR valve, using the meandering flow path approach in order to increase the effective area so that the MR fluid can be regulated within a small-sized valve The meandering flow path is formed by combining multiple annular, radial and orifice flow channels In order to analyze the valve performance, a mathematical model of the proposed MR valve is derived and combined with numerical simulation using the finite element method, with the intention of predicting the achievable pressure drop that can be generated by the valve The predicted MR valve performances are then experimentally evaluated using an oscillation-disturbed bypass hydraulic cylinder The simulation results show that the proposed MR valve design could yield substantial pressure drop improvement, which is confirmed by the experiment

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0964-1726/23/6/065017/pdf

A high performance magnetorheological valve with a meandering flow path

This paper presents dynamic viscoelastic properties of magnetorheological (MR) grease under variation of magnetic fields and magnetic particle fractions. The tests to discern the field-dependent properties are undertaken using both rotational and oscillatory shear rheometers. As a first step, the MR grease is developed by dispersing the carbonyl iron (CI) particles into grease medium with a mechanical stirrer. Experimental data are obtained by changing the magnetic field from 0 to 0.7 T at room temperature of 25 °C. It is found that a strong Payne effect limits the linear viscoelastic region of MR grease at strains above 0.1%. The results exhibit a high dynamic yield stress which is equivalent to Bingham plastic rheological model, and show relatively good MR effect at high shear rate of 2000 s-1. In addition, high dispersion of the magnetic particles and good thermal properties are proven. The results presented in this work directly indicate that MR grease is a smart material candidate that could be widely applicable to various fields including vibration control.

The Field-Dependent Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Grease Based on Carbonyl-Iron-Particles

This work presents constitutive models of magnetorheological (MR) fluids, which can predict the shear and dynamic yield stress depending on temperature. Two existing models, the Herschel–Bulkley rheological and power law model, which are frequently used in MR fluid research, are adopted and modified to take the temperature into account. A new constitutive model of MR fluids is developed using the extreme learning machine (ELM) method. In this development, among many machine learning approaches, a simple and efficient learning algorithm for a single hidden layer feed-forward neural network (SLFN) is adopted and applied to the rheological model of MR fluids. The temperature, shear rate, and magnetic field are treated as inputs, and the shear stress is taken as an output. After formulating the models associated with experimental coefficients, the two most important properties of MR fluids; the shear and yield stress are predicted and compared with the measured values. The prediction accuracy for the field-dependent rheological properties of MR fluids in several different temperatures is evaluated and compared. It is shown that the ELM model developed in this work provides the best accuracy, followed by two other modified constitutive equations.

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Papers

Recent Progress on Magnetorheological Solids: Materials, Fabrication, Testing, and Applications†

A review on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing: Filament processing, materials, and printing parameters

A high performance magnetorheological valve with a meandering flow path

The Field-Dependent Rheological Properties of Magnetorheological Grease Based on Carbonyl-Iron-Particles

Constitutive models of magnetorheological fluids having temperature-dependent prediction parameter